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p-Index From 2021 - 2026
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All Journal LAW REFORM Hasanuddin Law Review
Nazura Abdul Manap
Faculty of Law, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Legal Status of Cryptocurrency Circulation in Iraq: Lessons from the United Arab Emirates and the United States Ghassan Adhab Atiyah; Nazura Abdul Manap; Saidatul Nadia Abd Aziz
Hasanuddin Law Review VOLUME 9 ISSUE 1, APRIL 2023
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20956/halrev.v9i1.3867

Abstract

The philosophical emergence of cryptocurrencies is a consequence of the desire to get rid of the authorities’ control of the monetary system, which encouraged people to deal with it for investment or to facilitate the fulfilment of their financial obligations. The research problem is represented through the lack of legislation that regulates dealing with cryptocurrencies in Iraq. There are many technical, legal, and security risks for the use and circulation of cryptocurrency, which must be legally addressed and suitable solutions found. Therefore, this article aims to examine and analyse the legal status of cryptocurrencies in selected jurisdictions through multiple stages, from prohibition to licensing and regulation. This article adopted a qualitative approach to analyse the legal status of cryptocurrency in the selected jurisdictions. The study finding shows that the Iraqi authorities do not have the technical or legal means to prevent the illegal use of cryptocurrencies. In addition, there is a large legislative gap with the developed countries, and lawmakers need to regulate cryptocurrencies by enacting laws to protect people from falling victim to fraud.
Legal Reform and the Effectiveness of Protection for Traditional Cultural Expressions: A Case Study of Gambang Semarang Rinitami Njatrijani; Nazura Abdul Manap; Sartika Nanda Lestari; Putri Ayu Sutrisno
LAW REFORM Vol 22, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/lr.v22i2.81002

Abstract

Legal protection for Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) in Indonesia, particularly the Gambang Semarang performance, remains inadequate despite formal recognition under Article 38 of Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright. The core gap lies in the absence of a sui generis protection regime and the ambiguous formulation of Article 38, which fails to specify ownership, benefit-sharing, or registration mechanisms for communal cultural expressions. This reflects a broader difficulty in harmonizing cultural heritage preservation with intellectual property law. This study evaluates current legislation and proposes reforms to strengthen the legal and policy framework safeguarding TCEs as part of Indonesia's intangible cultural heritage and collective identity, ensuring fair acknowledgment and sustainable community stewardship. Using an empirical juridical method combined with conceptual and statutory approaches, data were gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation, drawing on primary and secondary legal sources. Findings reveal that the lack of implementing regulations and limited institutional capacity at the provincial and regency levels have impeded effective protection of Gambang Semarang. The study concludes that regional regulations in Central Java and Semarang are essential for legal certainty in the inventory, recognition, and benefit-sharing of traditional performances. It recommends the formulation of a sui generis protection model supported by contractual mechanisms and active local government involvement.
Co-Authors Ghassan Adhab Atiyah Putri Ayu Sutrisno Rinitami Njatrijani Saidatul Nadia Abd Aziz Sartika Nanda Lestari