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Erwin Prastowo
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Insitute
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry

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Ammonia Volatilization in Cocoa Farm as Affected by Sugarcane Filter Cake Supply at Different Urea and Soil Moisture Levels Erwin Prastowo; Nadya Faiqotul Hikmah; John Bako Baon
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 30 No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i3.63

Abstract

Ammonia  (NH3)  volatilization  is  a  crucial  mechanism  in  soil  nitrogen  (N) cycle. It accounts for main loss  of N in cocoa  farms  when  environment is  suitable to  promote  the  emission.  A  research  to  locate  a  link  of  several  factors,  namely, sugarcane filter cake  (SFC), urea  and soil moisture content  to NH 3 volatilization,  and  to reveal  cocoa  N  uptake  and  urea  fertilizer  efficiency  was  taken  place  both  in  a laboratory  with  the  incubation  technique,  and  in  a  greenhouse  as  a  pot  trial. The design was completely randomized design in factorial. The soil was Inceptisol from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, East Java, collected from top soil of  a  productive  cocoa  farm.  A  closed  trap  system  was  designed  to  measurevolatilized  NH 3 from  soil  and  SFC  mixture  incubated  for  14  days.  For  the  pot experiment,  cocoa  clone  of  Scavina  6  seedlings  were  grown  for  six  months  withtreatments  involving  series  level  of  SFC  and  series  level  of  urea.  Soil  moisture content influenced volatilized NH3 by reducing 50% emission in where it was more obvious in higher level of urea applied. It was more than 90% in average for the increase in volatilized NH 3roduced by increasing in level of urea from 0 to 0.4 g kg -1 in  overall  level  of  combinations. An increase in urea  level  had  resulted in increase in  soil  pH, and  Parson correlation suggested a direct  link  with  volatilized  NH 3  We found  a  relationship  between  SFC  and volatilized  NH 3 and  their combinations  with soil  moisture  and  urea  content  were  able  to  inhibit  the  emission.  Emission decrease  up  to  28%  was  observed  from  0  to  100  g  SFC  kg-1.  This  inhibition may  have contributed to  the increase in  N cocoa  plant uptake  by  more  than  70% compared  to  control  and  subsequent  increase  in  N  fertilizer  supply  efficiency up to 86%  in the combination with 0.2  g urea  kg-1.  The absence of SFC had made a decline in urea efficiency about 20 times.Keywords: ammonia volatilization, sugarcane filter cake, urea, soil moisture, cocoa
Leaf Mineral Composition of Coffee Infected by a Hemileia vastatrix Fungus in Bondowoso, East Java Erwin Prastowo; Novie Pranata Erdiansyah; Rina Arimarsetiowati
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 35 No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i1.345

Abstract

Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix fungus may become an important issue on highland coffee (Coffea arabica) especially related to the progressive increase in terms of global temperature. A research aimed at evaluating the mineral composition of some rusted coffee leaves from a single clone S 795 was carried out in Andungsari Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. A single block experiment was situated at 1451 m asl. The intensity of rust spot in the leaves were identified, and estimated to correspond with the score of 5 to 7 out of 10. The difference in the nutrient status between normal and rusted leaves were statistically evaluated by comparing the mean values using unpaired t-test. The leaf analysis shows an optimal range for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si). Silicon distribution exhibits a high vari- ability with coefficient of variation (CV) around 30%, while K is slightly lower with CV less than 10%. Principal component analysis shows that Ca, Mg and K may have explained the most variation in the original variables as defined by PC1 (54.76%), PC2 (23.22%), and PC3 (14.01%). The rusted leaves are associated with Ca and Si while normal leaves are associated with K. A considerable high of K may explain for the depression of Ca in normal leaves which is, however, associated with an antagonism between these two minerals. The ratio of has a negative correlation with Ca, and may show a potential as an indicator for leaf mineral evaluation in the context of Hemileia vastatrix fungus infected coffee.
Characteristics of coffee as a response to different environmental conditions in Lampung: I. Morphological variations Erwin Prastowo; Rina Arimarsetiowati
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 35 No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.357

Abstract

The coffee growth is considered to depend, partly, on the environmental condition at which they develop to accomplish their both vegetative and generative stages. An exploratory survey aimed at investigating the morphological characteristics of 13 Robusta coffee accessions growing on different environmental conditions, i.e. altitudes, slopes, and micro-climates, in Lampung. Local superior coffee clones were selected from 8 farms to evaluate in terms of their yield components and growth characters. Three key issues are considered to observe quantitatively, i.e. plant components of leaves, branches, and fruits. The qualitative characteristics of leaves and cherries, i.e. colour and shape, were also assessed to support the comparative data analysis. The results show a similarity of ca. 60% of total qualitative variable identified among different accessions. The remaining characters are suggested to be more varying such as flush colour, leaf surface, ripe fruit colour, and stipule shape. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis shows a higher level of similarity for fruit characters, i.e. fruit length, fruit width, and fruit thickness, and to a slightly lower level for leaf characteristics, i.e. leaf length and width, and the number of productive branches. Conversely, part of yield component, such as weight of fruits, may be affected by altitude as some accessions, e.g. number 1 and 8, demonstrating a pronounced character in the principal component analysis. The same analysis reveals that some variables, i.e. fruit weight; leaf and seed; and canopy characteristics, explaining the morphological variation of coffee throughout the accessions. Furthermore, cluster analysis may indicate a possible similarity of coffee morphologies either from area with different or the same environmental conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental condition variation in Lampung may affect to a lesser extent the morphological characters of Robusta coffee.
Factors Determining the Characteristics of Cocoa Soil in Sulawesi Erwin Prastowo; John Bako Baon
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 36 No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i1.410

Abstract

Sulawesi exhibits unique land characteristics as a result of complex geological and geomorphological processes. The information related to what extent of theseprocesses affect regional soil characteristics is still limited. An investigation was performed on cocoa farms from three major cocoa producers, i.e. South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. A research was done to point out the key variables contributing to cocoa soil characteristics. Soil survey was performed based on available local information to collect top soil composite samples, i.e. 0–30 cm depth, in the circle of cocoa stand within 50–75 cm radius. A routine soil analysis was done to evaluate soil texture, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH (H2O), and some micronutrients, i.e. Fe, Cu, and Zn. To simplify the complexity, the multivariate data was submitted into principal component analysis (PCA). Additional mapping of soil variable gradient through inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation was included in the analysis to improve our interpretations. Data show that the variability for almost all investigated variables is high with coefficient of variation (CV) of up to about 118% for Fe. While low variability with CV about 10% was observed for soil pH (H2O). The PCA demonstrates that the first five principal components (PCs) account for 56.89% of variance in the original variables. Two factors to be considered to explain the variation in the PCs was soil texture and parent material. Further analyses exhibit an association of sand, silt, and clay fractions to Southeast, Central, and South Sulawesi. Mineral compositions, such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn, exhibit an important contribution to the parent material factor as they define the variability in the PCs. Additionally, the analysis of gradient maps may indicate the two physical environmental conditions, i.e. landform and geological setting, contribute to the specific characteristics of cocoa soil.
Earthworm Abundance and Soil Characteristics Following Cocoa Waste and Manure Applications Erwin Prastowo; Lina Dwi Agustina; Cahyo Prayogo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 36 No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i1.411

Abstract

Soil fertility level improvement in an environmentally friendlier way has been a key to provide a sustainable cocoa production. Earthworms, as decomposeragents in soil, may provide a sustainable way of improving soil fertility level. The objective of this study was to quantify top soil earthworm population andsome important soil characteristics, e.g. soil moisture, organic C, total N, and pH to see if there was any response observed due to different level and type oforganic waste applications. Their surface populations, i.e. at 5–10 cm depth, within cocoa circle were investigated with respect to different type of organic wasteapplications, i.e. cocoa pod waste, cocoa leaf waste, and sheep manure. For cocoa derived organic matter, the level of application was arranged at 5, 10, and 20 ton/ha to obtain an optimal condition at which the highest population of earthworm is obtained. A field investigation was performed at a square of 900 cm2 sizedarea, and extending down to 5–10 cm depth. Additionally, the effect of organic waste to top soil characteristics were also determined mainly to some importantparameters such as soil moisture, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soil pH (H2O). Our analysis suggest that field heterogeneity condition may limit the conclusion, mainly related to the question of to what extent the effect of organic wastes to the changes in terms of soil characteristics. The application of organic wastes was able to increase the population of earthworms. Their highest abundance was obtained following the application of cocoa pod at 20 ton/ha, which was about 5 times higher than the population in the control.
Short-term dynamics of leaf litter-derived soil organic carbon under different coffee and cocoa cropping systems Erwin Prastowo; Laily Mukaromah
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 36 No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i3.416

Abstract

Litter plays a crucial role in the formation of soil organic carbon (SOC), and potentially affects different pools in the context of soil carbon cycle. To improve knowledge and understanding with respect to the dynamics of carbon in coffee and cocoa cropping systems, there is a need to develop a mechanistic model to explain the formation of carbon especially in different background of soil, climate and agronomic management. Short-term observation was performed in different cropping systems, i.e. coffee (Coff) and cocoa (CoL) with lamtoro(Leucaena sp.) shade trees, and cocoa with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) shade trees (CoP), and teak (Tectona grandis) conservation area, to investigate the quantitative amount of leaf litter-derived carbon. Additionally, to improve the understanding with respect to the formation of soil organic carbon, a simple model is developed by employing organic carbon storage coefficient (hi) as parameter to validate the observation data from Coff and CoL plots. Leaf litter is collected daily with concomitant microclimate records, i.e. air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and soil temperature. Composite soil and leaf samples are collected for organic carbon, soil moisture content, and leaf relative water content (RWC), for laboratory identification. Analysis of data suggests the presence of cropping system effect, i.e. shading condition and agronomical practices such as pruning, to microclimate variations except for soil temperature. Furthermore, cropping systems do not significantly influence soil moisture content, amount of organic carbon, and RWC. With higher model efficiency (EF), the simulated model fits better for CoL, EF 0.95, than Coff, EF 0.58. Model simulation, with both hi values are 0.017 and 0.014 in Coff and CoL, reveals a possibly cropping system specific curve pattern. A faster SOC formation in Coff plot has suggested a crucial role the amount of leaf litter to support with continuous carbon supply. The simulation implies the presence of soil related-maximum point limiting carbon storage capacity
Nitrogen uptake of cocoa seedlings as a response of cocoa pod husk derived liquid organic fertilizer application in combination with urea Erwin Prastowo; Irawan Dwiyanto; Setyo Budi Santoso
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 37 No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i1.442

Abstract

As nitrogen (N) has played an important role in cocoa production, both providing the N-sources alternative materials, and increasing the efficiency of fertilization are urgently required to support both crop and land productivity. Research aims to investigate the N uptake of cocoa seedlings as results of combination of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and urea application. To support the understanding in terms of N dynamics, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll content, N use efficiency (NUE) and recovery of applied nitrogen (REN) were determined with additional information related to the optimal dosage of urea to be applied to cocoa seedlings. Greenhouse experiment, using ICCRI 08 cocoa seedlings, was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java. The LOF used for this experiment was made from about 1-month fermentation of cocoa pod waste in a 200 L plastic tank with additional biodecomposer to improve the biodegradation of organic materials. The experiment was designed by a completely randomized design (CRD), and taking into account two factors, i.e. the level of LOF concentration and urea application, as treatments of which their effect was determined through regular growth observations and laboratory determination. The variation of LOF concentration levels are (i) control (B0), (ii) LOF 0.25% (B1), (iii) LOF 0.50% (B2), and (iv) LOF 1% (B3). Additionally, the rates of urea applications include control (P0), 10% of fertilizer recommendation dosage (P1), 25% of fertilizer recommendation dosage (P2), and 50% of fertilizer recommendation dosage (P3). SPAD readings indicate the significant effect of urea and its combination with LOF to the increase in the chlorophyll content by 10 – 20% in compare to control. The total N uptake by cocoa tends to decrease with the increase in the concentration of LOF. With average increase of about 28% compared to control, statistical analysis suggest the insignificant different effect of treatments. The effect of LOF to the increase in the NUE, ranging from 0.50 to 0.80, in combination with specific level of urea. With 50% of urea recommendation dosage, the increase in NUE is above 40% up to 55% compared to non-LOF applied treatments. REN data interpretation indicates the higher of its values for treatments with lower level of urea applications. With the increase in the urea rate, the REN value is decreasing implying the contribution from the input of N. In this level, the REN is down to below 50% showing the lower amount of N required in compare to the N inputs. Relating the dosage of urea with N uptake shows an asymptotic type of curves. It indicates the optimal rate of urea ranging from 0.5 to 1 g urea per pot. The higher amount of LOF applied shows to decrease the optimal dosage of urea required in compare to no LOF application (B0). Though its use as source of nutrients is limited, current research may indicate the potential utilization of LOF through foliar spray to increase the efficiency of urea application.
Co-Authors Cahyo Prayogo Irawan Dwiyanto John Bako Baon John Bako Baon Laily Mukaromah Lina Dwi Agustina Nadya Faiqotul Hikmah Novie Pranata Erdiansyah Rina Arimarsetiowati Setyo Budi Santoso