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The Legitimacy of Electronic Trading Contracts According to the Civil Code Dahris Siregar; Afni Nirmala Deli Lase; Aguswina Hulu; Berkat Jaya Zendrato; Dina Rizka Yusra; Juwita Mentari; Suriati Lafau; Dahlia Kusuma Dewi
IJCS: International Journal of Community Service Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022): IJCS: International Journal of Community Service
Publisher : PT Inovasi Pratama Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (446.609 KB) | DOI: 10.55299/ijcs.v1i2.186

Abstract

The rapid development in the world of technology has made many changes in every country, especially for the business world in the trade sector. With today's technology, a lot of trade is carried out through the internet or electronic media, so the procedures for trade are also developing in establishing a cooperative process such as an agreement between the parties to agree to hold a transaction. Electronic contracts are one of the new forms of contracts that receive special protection in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (hereinafter referred to as the ITE Law), especially through Article 1 number 17. The research method used is the normative method, which examines and analyzes the subject matter with the substance of the legislation. The approach method used is a statutory approach and a deductive approach, namely an approach by reasoning from general circumstances to special circumstances. The results and discussion, namely the Validity of Electronic Trading Contracts according to the Civil Code and the Legal Consequences of Illegally Made Electronic Trading Contracts, is that in principle the validity of an agreement is not determined by the physical form of the agreement.
Reconstructing Legal Accountability Mechanisms for Climate-Induced Migration Through Integrative Social-Environmental Justice Frameworks Dahlia Kusuma Dewi; Dio Prasetyo Budi; hafiza binti abdul samath
Green Social: International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024): International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs
Publisher : International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70062/greensocial.v1i4.259

Abstract

Climate-induced migration is becoming an increasingly significant global issue, driven by environmental changes such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource scarcity. Despite its growing importance, current legal frameworks inadequately address the protection of climate migrants, leaving them vulnerable and without clear legal rights. This research aims to propose an integrated social-environmental justice framework to address the legal accountability for climate-induced migration, focusing on the recognition of migrant rights, state responsibilities, and environmental protection. The study uses a comparative legal analysis to examine legal systems across various countries and incorporates field data from climate-vulnerable coastal communities through interviews, surveys, and legal case reviews. The research finds that the proposed framework enhances migrant recognition and clarifies state responsibilities in 70% of reviewed legal cases, offering a more comprehensive solution compared to traditional environmental and human rights approaches. The framework's integration of legal, social, and environmental elements provides a holistic response to climate migration, emphasizing equity and sustainability. However, challenges such as political resistance, fragmented governance, and limited funding hinder full implementation. The study concludes by recommending that governments and international bodies adopt this framework and strengthen their commitment to legal protections and climate adaptation strategies for displaced populations. Further research should focus on refining legal frameworks, addressing implementation barriers, and expanding the scope of social-environmental justice to better support climate migrants.