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Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance with carbon powder electrode modifications for low-power sensors modules Al-badani, Mohammed Adel; Chong, Peng Lean; Lim, Heng Siong
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 13, No 1 (2024): January 2024
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2024.58977

Abstract

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a promising technology for harnessing energy from organic compounds. However, the low power generation of MFCs remains a significant challenge that hinders their commercial viability. In this study, we reported three distinct modifications to the stainless-steel mesh (SSM), carbon cloth, and carbon felt electrodes using carbon powder (CP), a mixture of CP and ferrum, and a blend of CP with sodium citrate and ethanol. The MFC equipped with an SSM and CP anode showed a notable power density of 1046.89 mW.m-2. In comparison, the bare SSM anode achieved a maximum power density of 145.8 mW m-2. Remarkably, the 3D-modified SSM with a CP anode (3D-SSM-CP) MFC exhibited a substantial breakthrough, attaining a maximum power density of 1417.07 mW m-2. This achievement signifies a significant advancement over the performance of the unaltered SSM anode, underscoring the effectiveness of our modification approach. Subsequently, the 3D-SSM-CP electrode was integrated into single-chamber MFCs, which were used to power a LoRaWAN IoT device through a power management system. The modification methods improved the MFC performance while involving low-cost and easy fabricating techniques. The results of this study are expected to contribute to improving MFC's performance, bringing them closer to becoming a practical source of renewable energy.
Assessing electromagnetic field exposure levels in multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted 5G network Ahmed Salem, Mohammed; Lim, Heng Siong; Chua, Ming Yam; Alaghbari, Khaled Abdulaziz; Zarakovitis, Charilaos; Chien, Su Fong
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 14, No 4: August 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4110-4119

Abstract

As 5G mobile networks continue to proliferate in dense urban environments, it becomes increasingly important to understand and mitigate excessive electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study investigates how the downlink EMF exposure levels of 5G millimeter wave (mm-wave) mobile networks are influenced by the integration of multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), using a ray-tracing approach. Our research employs a comprehensive two-step methodology: Firstly, we introduce a new RIS-assisted 5G mm-wave network planning technique. This technique leverages a machine learning (ML) approach for the classification of multi-RIS clusters. The primary goal is to optimize coverage while minimizing the number of required RIS deployments. This is achieved by strategically placing RISs based on the ML classification, ultimately aiming to enhance network efficiency. Secondly, we conducted a thorough comparative analysis, evaluating the impact of both passive and active RISs on EMF exposure level throughout a dense urban environment. Passive RIS and active RIS differ in their adaptability to changing network conditions. The result shows that the influence of multi-active RISs on EMF exposure is significant (about 7.5 times higher) compared to passive RISs.
Adaptive control techniques for improving anti-lock braking system performance in diverse friction scenarios Abdullah, Mohammed Fadhl; Qasem, Gehad Ali Abdulrahman; Ramadhan, Mazen Farid; Lim, Heng Siong; Lee, Chin Poo; Alsakkaf, Nasr Alsakkaf
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 1: February 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i1.pp260-279

Abstract

Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) enhance vehicle safety by preventing wheel lock-up, but their effectiveness depends on tire-road friction. Traditional braking systems struggle to maintain effective performance due to the risk of wheel lock-up on varying road surfaces, affecting vehicle stability and control. This study presents a novel method to improve ABS efficiency across varying friction conditions. The proposed approach employs a feedback control mechanism to dynamically adjust the braking force of each wheel based on the prevailing friction coefficient. Specifically, we incorporate a P-controller in the input signal and two additional P-controllers as output and input parameters for friction. By manipulating the proportional control values, key parameters such as wheel speed, stopping distance, and slip rate can be effectively managed. Notably, our investigation reveals intriguing interactions between the proportional controls, highlighting the complexity of ABS optimization. The method was evaluated through simulations across various friction conditions, comparing it to conventional ABS in terms of brake performance, stability, and stopping distances. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly enhances ABS performance across varying friction coefficients; however, additional research is warranted to address stopping distance and time issues, particularly in snowy and icy conditions.