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χάρις: Ketika Pemberian Ditanggapi dengan Rasa Syukur (Membaca Kisah Paulus dan Lidia dalam Kis. 16:13-15 melalui Lensa Gift of Exchange Repertoire): χάρις: When a Gift is Reciprocated by Gratitude (Reading the Encounter of Paul and Lidya in Acts 16:13-15 through the Lens of Gifts of Exchange Repertoire Loba, Klementius Anselmus; Antonius Galih Arga Wiwin, Aryanto
DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA Vol. 20 No. 1 (2024): Diskursus - Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi STF Driyarkara
Publisher : STF Driyarkara - Diskursus

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36383/diskursus.v20i1.515

Abstract

This article analyzes the encounter story of Paul and Lydia (Acts 16:13-15) as a concrete example of the practice of reciprocal gift exchange. The exchange of “gifts” between the two took place when Paul preached the Christian faith and baptized Lydia, and she reciprocated by giving Paul a ride. This study employs a social science approach by taking a repertoire of gift exchanges from the ancient Greco-Roman world to be applied to this story, and biblical studies for interpretation. From the repertoire of exchanges available, we chose χάρις to apply to this story. The concept of χάρις reflects a reciprocal exchange that involves two actions at once, namely the giving of a “gift” and the receiving of it with gratitude in return. The reciprocal gift exchange between Paul and Lydia shows that a gift demands a response (reciprocity). However, the reciprocal exchange between the two was not exploitative, as it took place within the framework of Christ’s χάρις. Through the gift of Christ’s χάρις, they concretely share χάρις with one another. In this context, Paul and Lydia not only demonstrated their identity as followers of Christ but also strengthened their bonds as brothers and sisters. Abstrak Artikel ini menganalisa kisah pertemuan Paulus dan Lidia (Kis. 16:13-15) sebagai sebuah contoh konkret dari praktik pertukaran hadiah atau pemberian timbal balik. Pertukaran “hadiah” antara keduanya terjadi ketika Paulus mengajarkan iman Kristen dan membaptis Lidia, dan Lidia membalasnya dengan memberikan tumpangan kepada Paulus. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan ilmu sosial dengan memakai repertoar pertukaran hadiah atau pemberian timbal balik dari tradisi dunia Yunani-Romawi kuno untuk diterapkan dalam penafsiran biblis. Dari repertoar pertukaran yang tersedia, studi ini memilih χάρις untuk diterapkan dalam kisah tersebut. Konsep χάρις mencerminkan pertukaran timbal balik yang melibatkan dua tindakan sekaligus, yakni pemberian “hadiah” dan penerimaan dengan rasa syukur sebagai balasannya. Pertukaran hadiah timbal balik antara Paulus dan Lidia menunjukkan bahwa sejatinya sebuah pemberian menuntut tanggapan (resiprositas). Namun pertukaran timbal balik antara keduanya tidak bersifat eksploitatif, karena terjadi dalam bingkai χάρις Kristus. Melalui pemberian χάρις Kristus, mereka secara konkret berbagi χάρις terhadap satu sama lain. Dalam konteks ini, Paulus dan Lidia tidak hanya menunjukkan identitas mereka sebagai pengikut Kristus, tetapi juga memperkuat ikatan mereka sebagai saudara seiman. Kata-kata kunci: Paul, Lidya, χάρις, pertukaran timbal-balik, Kis 16: 13-15, budaya Yunani-Romawi
Trilogi Kekerasan dalam Perjanjian Lama: Membongkar Pemahaman Umat Beriman tentang Kekerasan Manusia, Kekerasan Ilahi, dan Kekerasan Doa Loba, Klementius Anselmus; Nainggolan, Silvana Natalia; Gale, Stefanus; Tanureja, Indra
KAMASEAN: Jurnal Teologi Kristen Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): December
Publisher : Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Toraja

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34307/kamasean.v4i2.253

Abstract

Religion and violence have long been linked. In Christianity, the presence of violent texts in the Bible, especially in the Old Testament, further exacerbates this situation. The Old Testament texts include three types of violence: human violence against humans, violence perpetrated by God, and human appeals to God for violence. This legacy of biblical violence creates theological and ethical challenges for those who seek spiritual and ethical guidance from the Bible. This paper aims to examine the responses or views of the faithful, who have no formal education in the Bible, towards violent texts in the Old Testament. The research method used is qualitative, with a field study and a literature study approach. Interviews were conducted with informants to explore their understanding of the biblical texts of violence, and the findings will be confronted with expert explanations through a literature study. The resource persons in this study are parishioners of St. Agata-Parish of Maria Assumpta Pakem, Yogyakarta, with various educational backgrounds. The results of this study attempt to present theological and ethical ways of understanding violent texts so that the faithful can gain a more balanced and contextual understanding of these texts. By exploring people's understanding of violent texts in the Old Testament, this research contributes to understanding the complexities and challenges faced by the faithful in reading and understanding the Bible.
Reconsider the Meaning of Scapegoat Ritual in Leviticus 16:20-22 Loba, Klementius Anselmus; Aryanto, Antonius Galih Arga Wiwin; Tanureja, Vincentius Indra Sanjaya
DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani Vol 10, No 1 (2025): Oktober 2025 (In Progress)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Intheos Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30648/dun.v10i1.1548

Abstract

The scapegoating ritual in Leviticus 16 is central to ancient Jewish religion as part of the Yom Kippur celebration. The sacrifice of a scapegoat thrown into the desert is a unique ritual because it only appears in Leviticus 16 of the entire biblical text, and the only story that uses an animal to take away all the sins of the Israelites. The issue that will be discussed in this study is to find the origins and meaning of this ritual. From the historical criticism interpretation approach to the text of Leviticus 16:20-22, it can be concluded that the meaning of this ritual can be used as a warning (threat) for the Israelites, in which expulsion/exile is a real possibility if they live in sin, and also as a means (ceremony) to reconcile God and man.