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Perkembangan Drone Tempur dan Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia di Timur Tengah dan Ukraina Fudhali, Aufa Rabbi
REFORMASI Vol 13, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33366/rfr.v13i2.4369

Abstract

The development of drone technology is utilized by various parties with various backgrounds, including the defense sector and international security sectors. Unmanned combat aerial vehicles or combat drones are considered to be pioneers in contemporary warfare. Apart from civilian needs, drones in the world of defense and intelligence are often used for combat missions with the aim of eliminating targets, including killing non-combatants. This can be defined as the process of violating human rights, according to international humanitarian law. The use of drones often causes collateral damage that results in casualties, which according to Allison Brysk can be called a violation of security rights. This paper with qualitative research and literature study aims to answer the research questions regarding the development of unmanned aircraft for combat missions and allegations of human rights violations. With conducting in-depth research, it is argued that the use of drones for combat missions continues to occur and there are more and more variants and users, apart from state actors there are also non-state actors, although limited. It concludes, such a missions in Ukraine and in Middle East are often successful, but there is collateral damage that affected civilian casualties and civilian infrastructure.AbstrakPerkembangan teknologi drone dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai pihak dengan berbagai latar belakang, termasuk sektor pertahanan dan keamanan internasional. Pesawat tempur nirawak atau combat drone dianggap telah menjadi pelopor dalam peperangan kekinian. Di samping untuk kebutuhan sipil, drone di dunia pertahanan dan intelijen penggunaannya seringkali ditujukan untuk misi tempur dengan tujuan mengeliminasi sasaran, termasuk membunuh. Hal ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai proses dari pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM) menurut international humanitarian law apabila menyerang sesuatu yang bukan semestinya, seperti rakyat sipil. Penggunaan drone untuk tempur seringkali menimbulkan collateral damage yang merenggut korban jiwa, yang menurut Allison Brysk bisa disebut sebagai pelanggaran security rights. Tulisan ini memiliki metode penelitian kualitatif dengan studi literatur, hal ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian mengenai bagaimana perkembangan dari pesawat nirawak untuk misi tempur serta dugaan dalam pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Dengan studi kualitatif melakukan penelitian secara mendalam, berargumentasi bahwasannya riset dan penggunaan drone untuk misi tempur terus terjadi dan semakin banyak variannya serta penggunanya, selain aktor negara juga terdapat aktor non-negara meskipun terbatas. Penelitian ini berkesimpulan bahwa misi pesawat nirawak di Ukraina dan di Timur Tengah seringkali mengalami keberhasilan dalam pelaksanaannya, namun tidak jarang terdapat collateral damage yang menimbulkan korban jiwa dari warga sipil atau kerusakan infrastruktur sipil.
Studi Deskriptif-Integratif Upaya PBB dalam Mewujudkan Perdamaian di Yaman Selama Kurun Perang Sipil 2015 Hingga 2020. Fudhali, Aufa Rabbi
SIYAR Journal Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): January
Publisher : The Department of International Relations, The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/siyar.2022.2.1.75-90

Abstract

Perang sipil di Yaman terjadi sejak 2011 dan menjadi lebih parah sejak 2015 ditandai dengan didudukinya Sanaa oleh Ansarallah yang diikuti serangan dari koalisi pimpinan Kerajaan Arab Saudi. Perang sipil di Yaman memperparah krisis kemanusiaan yang telah ada, kelaparan terjadi di berbagai wilayah, begitu juga dengan malnutrisi, kolera dan Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan integratif dengan jenis fokus kajian deskriptif. Data yang diperolah berasal dari studi pustaka, penelusuran data online dan wawancara, dengan menggunakan kerangka konseptual Maqa>s}id al-Shari>`ah, konsep perdamaian PBB dan konsep Rezim Internasional serta Conflict Resolution untuk mendeskripsikan isu ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PBB memiliki kontribusi dalam mewujudkan perdamaian, memberi bantuan kemanusiaan dan menggandeng para pihak yang berperang untuk menyepakati perjanjian. Peran PBB memiliki dampak baik pada terpeliharanya jiwa, terpeliharanya agama, terpeliharanya akal, terpeliharanya keturunan, terpeliharanya harta. Perjanjian yang telah disepakati terus diawasi agar menjaga komitmen dan terjadinya perdamaian serta terwujudnya Maqa>s}id al-Shari>`ah di Yaman.
The Use of PMC Wagner in Various Missions in the Middle East and Eastern Europe Fudhali, Aufa Rabbi; Qosim, Ahmad Afrizal
Proceedings of Sunan Ampel International Conference of Political and Social Sciences Vol. 2 (2024): Proceedings of the SAICoPSS
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/saicopss.2024.2..70-83

Abstract

Private military contractors and companies (PMCs) are often used to fill empty spaces in the security sector that are not fully facilitated by the state or even not provided. For this reason, adding this space is a good chance for the PMC business. Wagner, a PMC from Russia whose composition ranges from ex-military to foreign legion, has a special role in securing state assets or maintaining security against terrorism and enemy forces. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon to injure other legitimate parties, for example, when trying to assassinate Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. This can be understood as an illicit private authority. Nonetheless, the market share of Wagner PMCs is still in demand and used today, most recently when they were deployed in Syria and Ukraine. This research has the objective of uncovering and answering research questions regarding Wagner's power network and its use in carrying out the mandate to carry out the missions that they were involved in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Using qualitative methods to be able to see in depth and detail, this paper argues that PMC Wagner exists because it is needed to carry out missions that regular military operators cannot carry out. Many are interested in joining because they get a higher salary than regular army members in the Russian Armed Forces; however, the use of Wagner PMCs is sometimes against the law. This paper concludes that the values carried by PMC Wagner are economically profitable for operators or owners. Renting is also enjoyable because of its success in managing tasks, but there are still legal violations committed, for example, when attacking another sovereign country.