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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)
A. Raof, Rafikha Aliana
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Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

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An introduction to double stain normalization technique for brain tumour histopathological images Akmal Dzulkifli, Fahmi; Yusoff Mashor, Mohd; A. Raof, Rafikha Aliana; Jaafar, Hasnan
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 14, No 1: February 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i1.pp375-388

Abstract

Stain normalization is an image pre-processing method extensively used to standardize multiple variances of staining intensity in histopathology image analysis. Staining variations may occur for several reasons, such as unstandardized protocols while preparing the specimens, using dyes from different manufacturers, and varying parameters set while capturing the digital images. In this study, a double stain normalization technique based on immunohistochemical staining is developed to improve the performance of the conventional Reinhard’s algorithm. The proposed approach began with preparing a target image by applying the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) technique to the targeted cells. Later, the colour distribution of the input image will be matched to the colour distribution of the target image through the linear transformation process. In this study, the power-law transformation was applied to address the over-enhancement and contrast degradation issues in the conventional method. Five quality metrics comprised of entropy, tenengrad criterion (TEN), mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM) and correlation coefficient were used to measure the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed all conventional techniques. The proposed method achieved the highest average values of 5.59, 3854.11 and 94.65 for entropy, TEN, and MSE analyses.
Hybrid approach for vegetable price forecasting in electronic commerce platform Choong, Kar Yan; Sudin, Suhizaz; A. Raof, Rafikha Aliana; Ong, Rhui Jaan
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 13, No 2: June 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v13.i2.pp1858-1867

Abstract

The significance of the agriculture sector in Malaysia is often overlooked, and there is a notable deficiency in the advancement of digitalization within the country's agricultural domain. The integration of a price forecasting model in the platform enables the relevant parties, including farmers, to make informed decisions and plan their crop selection based on projected future prices. In this research, the authors proposed the hybrid approach with the combination of linear model and non-linear model in doing the vegetable price forecasting model. The hybrid SARIMA-DWT-GANN model is utilized to forecast the monthly vegetable prices in Malaysia. The historical vegetable price data is collected from the FAMA Malaysia and split into training/test set for modelling. The performance of the models is evaluated on the accuracy metrics including MAE, MAPE, and RMSE. The forecasted results using the proposed hybrid model are compared to that using the single SARIMA model. In conclusion, the hybrid SARIMA-DWT-GANN model is superior to the individual model, which obtained the smaller MAE, RMSE, and got the forecast accuracy of at least 95%. 
Co-Authors Akmal Dzulkifli, Fahmi Choong, Kar Yan Jaafar, Hasnan Ong, Rhui Jaan Sudin, Suhizaz Yusoff Mashor, Mohd