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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems
Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal
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Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-based perturb and observe method Aziz Jafar, Muhammad Ihsan; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal; Dahlan, Nofri Yenita; Kamarudin, Muhammad Nizam; El Fezazi, Nabil
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 14, No 3: June 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i3.pp2386-2399

Abstract

Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible, and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Rotor angle deviation regulator to enhance the rotor angle stability of synchronous generators Murad, Nor Syaza Farhana Mohamad; Kamarudin, Muhammad Nizam; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 14, No 5: October 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i5.pp4879-4887

Abstract

Occurrences of disturbance affect the rotor angle operation of a synchronous generator in the generation system of a power system. The disturbance will disrupt the synchronous generator's rotor oscillation and result in rotor angle instability, which will degrade the power system's performance. This paper aims to develop a Lyapunov-based rotor angle deviation regulator for the nonlinear swing equation of a synchronous generator. The proposed regulator is expected to assure asymptotic stability of the rotor angle and robustness to uncertainty. Backstepping and Lyapunov redesign techniques are employed in developing the regulator. To validate the effectiveness and robustness of the regulator, a simulation in MATLAB/Simulink is carried out. The simulation result shows that the asymptotic stability and robustness of the regulator are guaranteed regardless of the disturbance.
Power system stability and control: a comprehensive review focusing on the rotor angle case Mohamad Murad, Nor Syaza Farhana; Kamarudin, Muhammad Nizam; Md Rozali, Sahazati; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 13, No 6: December 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i6.8054

Abstract

This paper provides a review of power system stability, focusing on the rotor angle case. To gain a preliminary understanding of the stability studies, the discussion begins with an overview of generators in power system generation. The distinguishing parameters of synchronous generators as compared to their counterparts such as induction generators, inductor alternators, and direct current generators are also emphasized. The discussion that is not bounded within their stability issues and control strategies is briefly assessed. The shortcomings and advantages of various modeling approaches are also discussed therein. To extend the thoughts, this review includes a thorough discussion and classification of power system stability, which includes rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. The stability of the rotor angle is important as it ensures frequency stability and voltage stability. This paper also presents the power system modeling approach that is able to facilitate the rotor angle stability studies. This paper also aims to review the established rotor angle stabilizers and algorithms developed by previous researchers.
Comparative assessment of an improved asymmetrical fuzzy logic control-based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems under partially shaded conditions Ariffin, Athirah Batrisyia Kamal; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal; Munim, Wan Noraishah Wan Abdul; Kamarudin, Muhammad Nizam; El Fezazi, Nabil
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2642-2654

Abstract

This paper presents an enhanced asymmetrical fuzzy logic control (AFLC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm designed for photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions (PSCs). With the increasing global energy demand and growing environmental concerns, maximizing solar energy efficiency has become more essential than ever. The proposed AFLC-MPPT algorithm tackles the challenges of accurately tracking the global maximum power point (GMPP) in PSCs, where conventional methods frequently underperform. By utilizing asymmetrical membership functions and optimized rule sets, the algorithm significantly improves sensitivity and precision in detecting and responding to variations in shading. Simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink compare the performance of the proposed AFLC-based MPPT with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method across multiple shading scenarios. The results demonstrate that the AFLC approach outperforms the conventional method in terms of tracking speed, stability, and overall efficiency, particularly in dynamically changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, the AFLC algorithm provides substantial improvements in voltage regulation, reduces settling time, and minimizes steady-state oscillations, contributing to the more efficient and reliable operation of PV systems under partial shading conditions.
Classifying Gait Disorder in Neurodegenerative Disorders Among Older Adults Using Machine Learning Rahman, Kazi Ashikur; Shair, Ezreen Farina; Abdullah, Abdul Rahim; Lee, Teng Hong; Ali, Nursabillilah Mohd; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal; Al Betar, Mohammed Azmi
International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems Vol 5, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31763/ijrcs.v5i2.1722

Abstract

Gait disorders are a significant concern for older adults, particularly those with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Accurately classifying these conditions using gait data remains a complex challenge, especially in older populations, due to age-related changes in gait patterns, comorbidities, and increased variability in mobility, which can obscure disease-specific characteristics. This study explicitly classifies neurodegenerative diseases in older adults by analysing age-specific gait force data. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) was utilised for advanced feature extraction, capturing both temporal and spectral signal characteristics. Classifiers including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) were employed. The results demonstrated that SVM achieved an accuracy of 87.5%, outperforming RF and MLP, which achieved 83.3% and 50.0%, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of using tailored machine learning approaches to improve the diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative diseases in older adults. The potential for real-world application includes integration into clinical settings, enabling early detection and personalized interventions for individuals with gait disorders.
Formulation of a Lyapunov-Based PID Controller for Level Control of a Coupled-Tank System Kamarudin, Muhammad Nizam; Md Rozali, Sahazati; Azam, Sazuan Nazrah Mohd; Hairi, Mohd Hendra; Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal
International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems Vol 5, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31763/ijrcs.v5i3.1947

Abstract

This manuscript proposes a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm based on Lyapunov stability criteria. To verify the technique, the study is further extended to investigate its feasibility in controlling the liquid level of a coupled-tank system. A comparative study is conducted with the well-established Ziegler-Nichols tuning technique, known for its rapid and aggressive response. While Ziegler-Nichols often achieves quick tuning, it is prone to instability or degraded performance, particularly in systems with slow dynamics, such as the coupled-tank system. The results demonstrate the practical viability of the Lyapunov-based PID approach. The findings show that the Lyapunov-PID controller significantly outperforms the Ziegler-Nichols PID, achieving a 33.63% reduction in overshoot and a 45.14% improvement in settling time. These improvements highlight the advantage of incorporating Lyapunov-based criteria in PID design for systems where stability and performance are critical. However, the proposed approach has limitations such as increased computational complexity and the need for abstract tuning effort, along with difficulty in selecting appropriate Lyapunov functions.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Abdul Rahim Al Betar, Mohammed Azmi Ali, Nursabillilah Mohd Ariffin, Athirah Batrisyia Kamal Azam, Sazuan Nazrah Mohd Aziz Jafar, Muhammad Ihsan Dahlan, Nofri Yenita El Fezazi, Nabil Hairi, Mohd Hendra Lee, Teng Hong Md Rozali, Sahazati Mohamad Murad, Nor Syaza Farhana Muhammad Nizam Kamarudin Munim, Wan Noraishah Wan Abdul Murad, Nor Syaza Farhana Mohamad Rahman, Kazi Ashikur Shair, Ezreen Farina