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The Legality Principle's Expansion in the National Criminal Code as a Manifestation of the Idea of Balance (Tawazun) Jiwanti, Ainun
Journal of Transcendental Law Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Transcendental Law
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/jtl.v6i2.6452

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the concept and justification of the legality principle’s expansion in the Indonesian National Criminal Code and how its expansion is a manifestation of the idea of balance in the Indonesian criminal law’s renewal. This paper employed doctrinal legal research, i.e., a process to find legal regulations, principles, as well as doctrines to answer the legal issues being faced. Based on the research results, the formulation of the legality principle (formal) in the Criminal Code (WvS) was developed based on the certainty principle which is difficult to adapt with the development of the living law in society. Therefore, the National Criminal Code expands the meaning of the legality principle from having formal characteristics into a legality principle with material characteristics. It is specifically formulated in Article 2 clause (1) of Law No. 1 of 2023 on the National Criminal Code. According to this regulation, the legal source which states that an action is categorized as a criminal action based on the formal legality principle (based on the law as referred to in Article 1 clause (1)) does not decrease the application of the living law in society which determines that a person can be penalized even though his actions are not regulated in legal regulations. The insertion of the material legality principle in the National Criminal Code has the objective that the living law is also acknowledged as a legal source. The formulation of the material legality principle aims to protect the standard of values and norms that live in society to fulfill a sense of substantial justice. This is to create a balance between “legal certainty” and “justice”.   Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis bagaimana konsep dan justifikasi perluasan asas legalitas dalam KUHP Nasional dan bagaimana perluasan asas legalitas sebagai wujud ide keseimbangan dalam pembaharuan hukum pidana Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum doktrinal, yaitu suatu proses untuk menemukan suatu aturan, prinsip, maupun doktrin-doktrin hukum guna menjawab isu hukum yang dihadapi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, formulasi asas legalitas (formil) dalam KUHP (WvS) dibangun di atas pondasi kepastian yang sulit beradaptasi dengan perkembangan hukum yang hidup di masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, KUHP Nasional memperluas makna asas legalitas dari yang sifatnya formil ke dalam asas legalitas yang sifatnya materil, tepatnya yaitu dirumuskan pada Pasal 2 ayat (1) KUHP Nasional. Menurut Pasal 2 ayat (1) KUHP Nasional, sumber hukum untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan sebagai tindak pidana yang didasarkan pada asas legalitas formil (berdasarkan undang-undang sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 1 ayat (1)) tidak mengurangi berlakunya hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat yang menentukan bahwa seseorang patut dipidana walaupun perbuatan tersebut tidak diatur dalam undang-undang. Dimasukkannya asas legalitas materiel ke dalam KUHP Nasional bertujuan agar hukum yang hidup (the living law) juga diakui sebagai sumber hukum. Formulasi asas legalitas materiel bertujuan untuk melindungi standar nilai dan norma yang hidup di masyarakat demi memenuhi rasa keadilan yang substantif, sehingga akan terjalin keseimbangan antara “kepastian hukum” dan “keadilan”.
Urgency of Expanding the Meaning of State Financial Losses Based on Ecological Losses Resulting from Corruption in the Natural Resources Sector Jiwanti, Ainun; Mona Ervita
JUSTISI Vol. 11 No. 3 (2025): JUSTISI
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33506/js.v11i3.4334

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the urgency of expanding the meaning of state financial losses by including ecological losses resulting from corruption in the natural resource sector based on an ecocentric approach. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statute approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. The novelty of this study lies in the use of an ecocentric approach in the concept of state financial loss, which asserts that natural resources are part of state wealth, so their damage due to corruption in the natural resource sector must be considered as state financial loss. However, this contradicts the current legal approach, which only recognizes “actual loss” based on Constitutional Court Decision No. 25/PUU/XIV/2016, thereby hindering the recognition of ecological losses as part of state financial losses. The results of the study show that corruption in the SDA sector not only has an impact on state financial losses but also causes severe environmental damage. However, current law enforcement still uses an anthropocentric approach that only considers state losses in financial terms without including ecological damage caused by SDA corruption as part of state financial losses, so there is an urgent need to expand the meaning of state financial losses to include ecological losses. The conclusion of the research suggests that incorporating ecological losses into the calculation of state financial losses ensures that criminal law enforcement holds corrupt actors accountable not only for financial aspects but also for environmental restoration, thereby supporting ecological justice and the sustainability of natural resources.
The Urgency of Judge's Legal Reasoning in Deciding on an Environmental Crime Case Based on an Ecocentric Approach (Review of Case Decision No. 640/PID.B/LH/2021/PT PBR) Jiwanti, Ainun; Soponyono, Eko
Jurnal Jurisprudence Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2022
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/jurisprudence.v12i1.1092

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to analyze how the legal reasoning of the Pekanbaru High Court Judge in Decision No. 640/PID.B/LH/2021/PT PBR, and at the same time reviewing decisions at the previous level and show how important the judge's legal reasoning is based on an ecocentric approach in deciding environmental crime cases. Methods: This type of research is a normative law using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. Findings: The panel of judges of the Pekanbaru High Court granted the defendant's appeal, PT. Gandaerah Hendana because Article 98 paragraph (1) of the PPLH (Environmental Protection and Management) Law that the public prosecutor indicted is a material offense that must be linked to its formal elements (Article 108 of the PPLH Law). It differs from the opinion of the Rengat District Court panel of judges, which stated that because the meaning of "action" in Article 98 paragraph (1) of the PPLH Law is so broad, the action can be in any form as long as the consequences stipulated in the formulation of the offense occurred. The action in question does not only do prohibited things but also includes not carrying out legal obligations (omission offenses). Since the burned land is the defendant's right to cultivate area, PT. Gandaerah Hendana, the process of extinguishing the fire on the land is the responsibility of the defendant, PT. Gandaerah Hendana. In this regard, the ecocentric approach in judges’ legal reasoning is urgent because, so far, the positivistic-formal and anthropocentric approaches have made judges only oriented to human interests. With an ecocentric approach, judges will pay attention to environmental sustainability when deciding the case being examined so that judges will produce outputs in the form of pro-environmentally oriented decisions. Benefits: The results of this study are expected to enrich references for academics and become input for law enforcers, especially judges, about the importance of legal reasoning based on an ecocentric approach in deciding environmental crime cases. Novelty: The discussion in this study will provide a perspective and explanation of how an ecocentric approach as the basis for legal reasoning for judges can create decisions and enforce environmental laws oriented towards the environment.
Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup dalam Undang-undang Cipta Kerja: Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup dalam Undang-undang Cipta Kerja Jiwanti, Ainun
JUSTISI Vol. 9 No. 2 (2023): JUSTISI
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33506/jurnaljustisi.v9i2.2334

Abstract

This study aims to analyze how criminal law policies in dealing with environmental crimes in Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation to Become a Law (“Law concerning Determination of Job Creation GRL to Become a Law”). This research uses normative legal research or doctrinal legal research. The approach used is the statutory approach, as well as the technique of tracing legal materials by means of a literature study. The results showed that in the Law concerning Determination of Job Creation GRL to Become a Law there was a political shift in environmental law enforcement law, namely there was a change in the types of sanctions for several actions that were previously threatened with criminal sanctions in the Environmental Protection and Management Law (Law No. 32/2009) but in the Law concerning Determination of Job Creation GRL to Become a Law they were threatened with administrative sanctions. The Law concerning Determination of Job Creation GRL to Become a Law also has not accommodated a number of important regulations, namely relating to the system for formulating criminal penalties, where there is no minimum penalty limit, criminal provisions in lieu of fines that are not paid by corporations and the obligation to impose sanctions for environmental improvement measures. Therefore, the Law concerning Determination of Job Creation GRL to Become a Law needs to be revoked or revised before it is enacted into law in order to realize environmental-oriented law enforcement. Keywords: Criminal law policy; Environmental Crime; Job Creation Law.