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The Mandar War, 1868-1869: An Annihilation Operation Against the Pirates Asba, Abdul Rasyid; Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 8, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: This research aims to express the changing process that happened in Mandar as a result of Dutch colonial intervention. From this, it can be seen the early structure that made by Mandar people, their custom and behavior; and finally to bring a new structure that come from their interaction with colonial power. From the period as temporal term, source of information is explored from a past data, especially from colonial archives. Some articles from journals and newspapers, as a contemporary mass media, contribute much information for reconstruction. The structure that made by Mandar people in 18th and 19th century was identified with a maritime piracy. By a reason to end this criminality, Dutch colonial government took a drastic measure with sending her military expedition to punish Mandar people. The expedition motivated the Mandar War in 1868-1869, and ended with a political contract between Mandar and Dutch in 1870. As a conclusion, Mandar is proven to have a difference structure with other political units in South Sulawesi. The structure is consisted of two: power system that composed by seven kings or “maradia”; and diaspora system that spread as long coast of Sulawesi. The contract, that forced by Dutch, could not end the both structures, even though the Dutch regarded that she could establish her political domination.KEY WORD: Mandar people, piracy, Dutch colonial, war, intervention, political contract, seven kings, diaspora system, and political domination. RESUME: “Perang Mandar 1868: Operasi Pembasmian terhadap para Perompak”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan proses perubahan yang terjadi di Mandar sebagai akibat dari intervensi kolonial Belanda. Dari sini, dapat dilihat struktur awal yang dibuat oleh orang-orang Mandar, adat mereka dan perilaku; serta akhirnya membawa struktur baru yang berasal dari interaksi mereka dengan kekuasaan kolonial. Dari periode sebagai jangka waktu, sumber informasi dieksplorasi dari data masa lalu, terutama dari arsip kolonial. Beberapa artikel dari jurnal dan surat kabar, sebagai media massa kontemporer, berkontribusi banyak informasi untuk rekonstruksi. Struktur yang dibuat oleh orang-orang Mandar pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19 telah diidentifikasi sebagai bajak laut. Dengan alasan untuk mengakhiri kriminalitas ini, pemerintah kolonial Belanda mengambil tindakan drastis dengan mengirim ekspedisi militernya untuk menghukum orang-orang Mandar. Ekspedisi ini memotivasi Perang Mandar pada tahun 1868-1869, dan berakhir dengan kontrak politik antara Mandar dan Belanda pada tahun 1870. Sebagai kesimpulan, Mandar terbukti memiliki struktur berbeda dengan unit politik lainnya di Sulawesi Selatan. Struktur ini terdiri dari dua: sistem kekuasaan yang disusun oleh tujuh raja atau "maradia"; dan sistem diaspora yang tersebar di sepanjang pantai Sulawesi. Kontrak, yang dipaksanakan oleh Belanda ini, tidak bisa mengakhiri dua struktur tersebut, meskipun Belanda menganggap bahwa dia bisa membangun dominasi politiknya.KATA KUNCI: Orang Mandar, pembajakan, kolonial Belanda, perang, intervensi, kontrak politik, tujuh raja, sistem diaspora, dan dominasi politik.  About the Authors: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rasyid Asba is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of History FIB UNHAS (Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Senior Lecturer at the History Program SSS UMS (School of Social Sciences, Malaysia University of Sabah) in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The authors can be contacted via e-mails at: rasbawecu@yahoo.com and ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Asba, Abdul Rasyid & Ismail Ali. (2015). “The Mandar War, 1868-1869: An Annihilation Operation Against the Pirates” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.8(1) Mei, pp.1-10. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UNHAS Makassar, and UNIPA Surabaya, ISSN 1979-0112. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 30, 2015); Revised (April 27, 2015); and Published (May 30, 2015).
Gypsy from the Oriental: Bajo Ethnic in the Sulawesi Sea Asba, Abdul Rasyid; Ali, Ismail
TAWARIKH Vol 6, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: The Bajo is a greatest maritime community in Indonesia archipelago. The community is not only known as a nomad tribe upon the boat, but as an ethnic without settlement habit geographically. However, her existence as an ethnic cannot be denied, especially from socio-cultural aspect. It is caused by a fact that the Bajo ethnic has a language, custom, trust system, kinship, and cultural values as basic for her social live. In maritime world of Indonesia, as a link that related to political and economic powers in Nusantara, the Bajo’s role and existence cannot be ignored. Her function even is equated with another maritime ethnic such as Bugis, Makassar, Buton, Mandar, and Malays. The main difference to another groups is her cultural exclusive, namely the Bajo ethnic did not play a crucial role in a culture spread as Islamization. The Bajo did not have an active role in the establishment of political control by ruling elite, locally as well as regionally. Her living that limited to her role as fisher and supplier of maritime products for economically traditional and domestic markets confers a special character for the community. Her apathy toward political polarization and her refusal to participate in domestic political constellation motivates her to avoid any reason to open conflict. This attitude makes the Bajo to be known as a loving-peace group with her subsistence and conflict avoiding. With her nomad live style, the Bajo can be termed as a subsistence Gypsy from the Oriental. KEY WORDS: Bajo ethnic, maritime community, nomad tribe, fisher and supplier of maritime products, loving-peace group, and Gypsy from the Oriental.   About the Authors: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rasyid Asba is a Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Lecturer at the History Program, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah) in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. They can be reached via e-mails at: rasbawecu@yahoo.com and ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Asba, Abdul Rasyid & Ismail Ali. (2014). “Gypsy from the Oriental: Bajo Ethnic in the Sulawesi Sea” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.6(1) October, pp.25-34. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UNHAS Makassar, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (September 2, 2014); Revised (October 2, 2014); and Published (October 28, 2014).
Makassar Copra as a Trigger of Struggling for Power between Central and Local Government: A Historical Study of Regional Political Economy in Indonesia Asba, Abdul Rasyid
TAWARIKH Vol 6, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: Copra, as an economic commodity, was used as a political issue rather than overcoming economic problems. The concept of political self-reliance and anti-imperialism by means of nationalization on foreign companies in Indonesia, in 1950s, seem to be correlated directly with the discontinuity of Indonesian economy up to now. As an archipelago state, today Indonesia is threatened economic disintegration in the whole islands which gradually also threatens national disintegration. National integration can only be strengthened if it is followed by economic integration of all islands. National integration developed so far hasn’t taken the maximum advantages of inter-island relation as an economic power, so that the economic policy of Indonesia seems to be partial. Consequently, the conflict between central and local government has always been highlighted by political aspects. The importance of economic power in supporting national integration was  still kept freshly in mind of the whole community members of East Indonesia, since commodity of copra was placed as regional economic power in East Indonesia and being a national economy. However, when the politics dominantly controlled economic policy, the copra export trade system in the area collapsed. This situation was used by military in Sulawesi for controlling the copra export. They established new trade system namely barter system. As the result, economic integration was stagnant and monopolized by national political elite in Jakarta. Today, this regions (East Indonesia  generally and South Sulawesi particularly) are only fragments of archipelago’s economy for the sake of parties controlled by Jakarta. KEY WORDS: Economic commodity, copra, economic policy, central and local government, Sulawesi and East Indonesia region, and national integration and disintegration.About the Author: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rasyid Asba is a Lecturer at the Department of History, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University), Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and also as a Director of Center for Multicultural and Regional Development at UNHAS Makassar. For academic purposes, the author can be contacted via e-mail at: rasbawecu@yahoo.comHow to cite this article? Asba, Abdul Rasyid. (2015). “Makassar Copra as a Trigger of Struggling for Power between Central and Local Government: A Historical Study of Regional Political Economy in Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.6(2) April, pp.197-212. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UNHAS Makassar, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 27, 2015); Revised (March 27, 2015); and Published (April 28, 2015).