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Ali, Ismail
ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia
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The Mandar War, 1868-1869: An Annihilation Operation Against the Pirates Asba, Abdul Rasyid; Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 8, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: This research aims to express the changing process that happened in Mandar as a result of Dutch colonial intervention. From this, it can be seen the early structure that made by Mandar people, their custom and behavior; and finally to bring a new structure that come from their interaction with colonial power. From the period as temporal term, source of information is explored from a past data, especially from colonial archives. Some articles from journals and newspapers, as a contemporary mass media, contribute much information for reconstruction. The structure that made by Mandar people in 18th and 19th century was identified with a maritime piracy. By a reason to end this criminality, Dutch colonial government took a drastic measure with sending her military expedition to punish Mandar people. The expedition motivated the Mandar War in 1868-1869, and ended with a political contract between Mandar and Dutch in 1870. As a conclusion, Mandar is proven to have a difference structure with other political units in South Sulawesi. The structure is consisted of two: power system that composed by seven kings or “maradia”; and diaspora system that spread as long coast of Sulawesi. The contract, that forced by Dutch, could not end the both structures, even though the Dutch regarded that she could establish her political domination.KEY WORD: Mandar people, piracy, Dutch colonial, war, intervention, political contract, seven kings, diaspora system, and political domination. RESUME: “Perang Mandar 1868: Operasi Pembasmian terhadap para Perompak”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan proses perubahan yang terjadi di Mandar sebagai akibat dari intervensi kolonial Belanda. Dari sini, dapat dilihat struktur awal yang dibuat oleh orang-orang Mandar, adat mereka dan perilaku; serta akhirnya membawa struktur baru yang berasal dari interaksi mereka dengan kekuasaan kolonial. Dari periode sebagai jangka waktu, sumber informasi dieksplorasi dari data masa lalu, terutama dari arsip kolonial. Beberapa artikel dari jurnal dan surat kabar, sebagai media massa kontemporer, berkontribusi banyak informasi untuk rekonstruksi. Struktur yang dibuat oleh orang-orang Mandar pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19 telah diidentifikasi sebagai bajak laut. Dengan alasan untuk mengakhiri kriminalitas ini, pemerintah kolonial Belanda mengambil tindakan drastis dengan mengirim ekspedisi militernya untuk menghukum orang-orang Mandar. Ekspedisi ini memotivasi Perang Mandar pada tahun 1868-1869, dan berakhir dengan kontrak politik antara Mandar dan Belanda pada tahun 1870. Sebagai kesimpulan, Mandar terbukti memiliki struktur berbeda dengan unit politik lainnya di Sulawesi Selatan. Struktur ini terdiri dari dua: sistem kekuasaan yang disusun oleh tujuh raja atau "maradia"; dan sistem diaspora yang tersebar di sepanjang pantai Sulawesi. Kontrak, yang dipaksanakan oleh Belanda ini, tidak bisa mengakhiri dua struktur tersebut, meskipun Belanda menganggap bahwa dia bisa membangun dominasi politiknya.KATA KUNCI: Orang Mandar, pembajakan, kolonial Belanda, perang, intervensi, kontrak politik, tujuh raja, sistem diaspora, dan dominasi politik.  About the Authors: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rasyid Asba is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of History FIB UNHAS (Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Senior Lecturer at the History Program SSS UMS (School of Social Sciences, Malaysia University of Sabah) in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The authors can be contacted via e-mails at: rasbawecu@yahoo.com and ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Asba, Abdul Rasyid & Ismail Ali. (2015). “The Mandar War, 1868-1869: An Annihilation Operation Against the Pirates” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.8(1) Mei, pp.1-10. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UNHAS Makassar, and UNIPA Surabaya, ISSN 1979-0112. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 30, 2015); Revised (April 27, 2015); and Published (May 30, 2015).
Pembudayaan Lepa dan Sambulayang dalam Kalangan Suku Kaum Bajau di Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia: Satu Penelitian Semula Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 3, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRAK: ”Lepa” dan ”Sambulayang” merupakan dua ikon yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan suku kaum Bajau di Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Pada bulan April setiap tahun, para penduduk – termasuk pelancong dari dalam dan luar negara – berpeluang untuk menyaksikan sendiri keunikan kebudayaan suku kaum Bajau tersebut yang diterjemahkan melalui ”Regatta Lepa” yang juga dikenali sebagai ”Pesta Sambulayang” dan disinonimkan dengan kebudayaan kaum Bajau Laut. Walau bagaimanapun, tanggapan dan tafsiran tersebut nampaknya kurang disenangi oleh sesetengah suku kaum Bajau lain (Bajau Darat) yang mendakwa bahawa budaya ”Lepa” dan ”Sambulayang” sebenarnya bukannya warisan Bajau Laut tetapi milik kaum Bajau Darat (Bajau Kubang). Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk menilai sejauhmana benarnya budaya “Lepa” dan “Sambulayang” adalah warisan kaum Bajau Laut atau sebaliknya, iaitu suku kaum Bajau lain di Semporna seperti Bajau Kubang, Bajau Ubian, Bajau Sengkuang, Bajau Sampulna, dan Bajau Simunul. Persoalan kedua ialah apakah budaya “Sambulayang” adalah warisan Kesultanan Sulu; dan persoalan ketiga ialah mengapakah berlakunya kesilapan oleh para pengkaji dan masyarakat umum dalam membuat tafsiran terhadap “Lepa” seperti yang diungkapkan dalam peribahasa Melayu yang berbunyi “sapi punya susu, lembu dapat nama”. Kajian ini penting untuk menjawab persoalan di atas dan sekaligus memperbetulkan semula pemahaman dan tanggapan masyarakat terhadap “Lepa” dan “Sambulayang” di Sabah. Kata-kata kunci: Proses pembudayaan, Lepa dan Sambulayang, suku kaum Bajau, kesilapan para pengkaji, dan penelitian semula.About the Author: Prof. Madya Dr. Ismail Ali ialah Pensyarah Kanan dan Ketua Program Sejarah, Sekolah Sains Sosial UMS (Universiti Malaysia Sabah), Jalan Beg Berkunci No.2071, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Alamat emel beliau adalah: ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2010). “Pembudayaan Lepa dan Sambulayang dalam Kalangan Suku Kaum Bajau di Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia: Satu Penelitian Semula” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.3, No.2 [November], pp.193-208. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UNIPA Surabaya, and UMS Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, ISSN 1979-0112. Chronicle of article: Accepted (September 3, 2010); Revised (October 7, 2010); and Published (November 20, 2010).    
The Role and Contribution of the British Administration and the Capitalist in the North Borneo Fishing Industry, 1945-1963 Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 2, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: Although the aims and roles played by the Crown Colony administration and the Chinese, Japanese and Hong Kong capitalists were different, the combination between the government and the capitalists was successful in redeveloping the North Borneo fishing industry after World War II (1939-1945). As for the capitalists, the Crown Colony administration’s policies – which avoided direct intervention in the fishing industry, specifically in the fishing and selling activities – had given them ample opportunity to gain a huge amount of profit. Therefore, it can be said that the roles and contributions of the British government, as well as the local and foreign capitalists, were only successful in redeveloping the North Borneo fishing industry after World War II, but did not succeed in improving the lives of the local fishermen. The conflict of interest, which rose from the question of economical and social obligations, resulted in the British administration acting as merely a “purveyor” of technology and fishing equipment for the fishermen and not contributing much towards helping the fishermen to find the means of getting these items. This allowed the local and foreign capitalists to fill the gap and to control the fishing industry by bringing in better fishing technology, exploiting the local fishermen by providing a credit system for the procurement of the fishing equipment and eventually transforming the local fishermen as merely a source of manpower.Key words: Crown Colony administration, the capitalists, North Borneo fishing industry, and transforming the local fishermen.About the Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Senior Lecturer at the Programme of History, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah). For academic purposes, he can be reached at: ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2009). “The Role and Contribution of the British Administration and the Capitalist in the North Borneo Fishing Industry, 1945-1963” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.2, No.2 [November], pp.155-164. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UNIPA Surabaya, and UMS Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, ISSN 1979-0112. Chronicle of article: Accepted (September 19, 2009); Revised (October 21, 2009); and Published (November 20, 2009).
Penglibatan dan Sumbangan Kanak-kanak Warga Filipina dalam Ekonomi Perikanan di Sabah: Satu Pengadilan Moral? Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 1, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: The issues and questions of the existence of Philippine children’s in Sabah have been studied and written as well as tried to be solved by the academicians. However, yet the issues and questions are still not being solved but getting worst and putting Sabah at lost. Based on the above question and scenario, the writer thinks that the time has come to stop from discussing and debating the existence of the Philippine children’s in various activities in Sabah from the negative perspective, but to change and divert the public perception by looking and defining their involvement positively from global perspective of the current world. In other words, the purpose of this document – based on research, library study and interview – is to provide new breath about the issue and question of Philippine children’s and not to repeat what have been studied and written by the previous researcher in realizing and belief that there is a difference and clear dividing line between ”facts and realities”. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent and suitability of the involvement of the Philippine children’s to be classified as “labour” in Sabah fishery economic and to take it as one way of victimization of rights as included in the ”Convention of Children Rights 1989” declaration about labour concept as stated in the Sabah Labour Ordinance. However, the Philippine children’s (as well as Indonesians) have provided impact in the development of Sabah Economy.Key words:  Philippine children, Sabah fishery economy and positive interpretation of historical facts and reality.About the Author: Prof. Madya Dr. Ismail Ali ialah Pensyarah Kanan pada Sekolah Sains Sosial UMS (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) dan Setiausaha Jurnal Sosiohumanika (kongsi penerbitan antara UMS di Kota Kinabalu dengan UPI di Bandung). Beliau dilahirkan di Keningau, Sabah, pada 4hb Mac 1969. Beliau berkelulusan Bachelor of Arts (1991) dan Master of Arts (1999) mengenai sejarah Asia Tenggara dan pengajian sejarah maritim daripada UM (Universiti Malaya) di Kuala Lumpur. Beliau berkelulusan Doctor of Philosophy (2004) mengenai sejarah ekonomi-maritim daripada UMS. Beliau telah banyak menulis buku, di antaranya adalah: Penyalahgunaan Bahan Letupan dalam Industri Perikanan di Sabah (Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS, 2006); dan Pembangunan Industri Hiliran Berasaskan Perikanan di Sabah (Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS, 2007). Bagi urusan sebarang akademik, beliau boleh dihubungi dengan alamat e-mail: ismailrc@ums.edu.my  How to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2008). “Penglibatan dan Sumbangan Kanak-kanak Warga Filipina dalam Ekonomi Perikanan di Sabah: Satu Pengadilan Moral?” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.1, No.2 [November], pp.365-390. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UPI Bandung, and UMS Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, ISSN 1979-0112.Chronicle of the article: Accepted (June 5, 2008); Revised (August 8, 2008); and Published (November 20, 2008).
Culturing Maritime Elements in Malay Proverbs: A Preliminary Observation Ali, Ismail
TAWARIKH Vol 4, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: Traditionally, the sea and ocean are the source of inspiration for new ideas, aspirations, language, ethnic dignity, and truth. By understanding and acknowledging the roles and functions of these two, i.e. the sea and ocean, in all aspects of life, the ancient Malays have employed maritime elements in their daily life and this has enriched their traditional intellectuality. This article attempts to illustrate the culturing of maritime elements in the Malay proverbs that show the personality, intellectuality, and understanding of the Malay people on the maritime aspects, which at the end enhances the Malay civilization. This preliminary observation also found that the existence and culturing of the maritime-based-proverbs illustrate the close relationship between the traditional Malays and oceans as well as lands. Besides that, the importance of the oceans to the development of Malay civilization in the 18th and 19th centuries has also influenced them in making these proverbs at that time. Finally, the use of proverbs in conversation by the Malay community can avoid misunderstandings and strengthen the bond among them. KEY WORDS: Maritime culture, Malay proverbs, history of maritime, Malay language, and dignity of nation. About the Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Senior Lecturer at the History Program, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah), Beg Berkunci 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. He can be reached at: ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2012). “Culturing Maritime Elements in Malay Proverbs: A Preliminary Observation” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.4(1) October, pp.21-36. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 4, 2012); Revised (September 7, 2012); and Published (October 28, 2012).
Gypsy from the Oriental: Bajo Ethnic in the Sulawesi Sea Asba, Abdul Rasyid; Ali, Ismail
TAWARIKH Vol 6, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: The Bajo is a greatest maritime community in Indonesia archipelago. The community is not only known as a nomad tribe upon the boat, but as an ethnic without settlement habit geographically. However, her existence as an ethnic cannot be denied, especially from socio-cultural aspect. It is caused by a fact that the Bajo ethnic has a language, custom, trust system, kinship, and cultural values as basic for her social live. In maritime world of Indonesia, as a link that related to political and economic powers in Nusantara, the Bajo’s role and existence cannot be ignored. Her function even is equated with another maritime ethnic such as Bugis, Makassar, Buton, Mandar, and Malays. The main difference to another groups is her cultural exclusive, namely the Bajo ethnic did not play a crucial role in a culture spread as Islamization. The Bajo did not have an active role in the establishment of political control by ruling elite, locally as well as regionally. Her living that limited to her role as fisher and supplier of maritime products for economically traditional and domestic markets confers a special character for the community. Her apathy toward political polarization and her refusal to participate in domestic political constellation motivates her to avoid any reason to open conflict. This attitude makes the Bajo to be known as a loving-peace group with her subsistence and conflict avoiding. With her nomad live style, the Bajo can be termed as a subsistence Gypsy from the Oriental. KEY WORDS: Bajo ethnic, maritime community, nomad tribe, fisher and supplier of maritime products, loving-peace group, and Gypsy from the Oriental.   About the Authors: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rasyid Asba is a Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Lecturer at the History Program, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah) in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. They can be reached via e-mails at: rasbawecu@yahoo.com and ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Asba, Abdul Rasyid & Ismail Ali. (2014). “Gypsy from the Oriental: Bajo Ethnic in the Sulawesi Sea” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.6(1) October, pp.25-34. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UNHAS Makassar, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (September 2, 2014); Revised (October 2, 2014); and Published (October 28, 2014).
The Use of Explosives in Sabah Fishing Industry from the History and Malaysian Legal Perspective Ali, Ismail
SOSIOHUMANIKA Vol 1, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRAK: Makalah ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan penyalahgunaan bahan letupan, atau lebih dikenali sebagai “bom ikan”, dalam industri perikanan di Sabah dari perspektif sejarah dan penguatkuasaan perundangan perikanan di Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, pengajian mengenai industri perikanan di Sabah telah wujud selepas Perang Dunia II hingga Malaysia memperolehi kemerdekaan. Ianya semakin berkembang di Sabah pada tahun 1970-an sehingga sekarang. Masalahnya adalah walaupun teknologi ini terbukti mampu mendaratkan hasil tangkapan ikan dengan berkesan, namun kaedah ini diharamkan penggunaannya oleh kerajaan Malaysia di bawah Akta Perikanan 1985 (Akta 317), kerana telah mengundang pelbagai kemusnahan kepada ekosistem marin dan mengancam industri perikanan di Sabah. Sungguhpun  pelbagai tindakan penguatkuasaan dan perundangan telah dilaksanakan oleh pihak berwajib, namun penggunaan bahan letupan ini untuk menangkap ikan oleh nelayan berbangsa Filipina di kawasan perairan Sabah, yang berkongsi dengan bisnismen tempatan,  nampaknya  sukar dibendung sepenuhnya. Berbagai dasar dan cadangan daripada kerajaan Malaysia cuba diamalkan untuk mengedepani masalah ini dari dahulu sehingga sekarang.Kata-kata kunci: industri perikanan, penggunaan dan penyalahgunaan bahan letupan, dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang perikanan di Sabah, Malaysia.About the Author: Dr. Ismail Ali is a Lecturer at the School of Social Sciences UMS (Universiti Malaysia Sabah).  He was born in Keningau, Sabah, on March 4th, 1969. He has obtained his Bachelor of Arts (1991) majoring in South East Asia Studies; and Masters of Arts (1999) majoring in Maritime Studies, both from UM (Universiti Malaya) in Kuala Lumpur. He has completed his Doctorate of Philosophy (2004) majoring in History of the Maritime Economy from UMS. Amongst his areas of interest are the history, issues of borders and maritime culture in Borneo fishery technology, small fishery industry, labor economy, impacts of fishery activities towards marine and tourism ecosystems, and others. He has published a couple of books entitled: Penyalahgunaan Bahan Letupan dalam Industri Perikanan di Sabah (Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS, 2006); and Pembangunan Industri Hiliran Berasaskan Perikanan di Sabah (Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS, 2007). His other forthcoming publications are: Sejarah dan Budaya Perlanunan di Kepulauan Borneo; Penglibatan dan Sumbangan Kanak-kanak dalam Ekonomi Perikanan; and Siri Penyelidikan Maritim di Sabah which are due to be published by the publisher of UMS and the publisher of UM in 2008. For academic purposes, he can be reached at: ismailrc@ums.edu.my How to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2008). “The Use of Explosives in Sabah Fishing Industry from the History and Malaysian Legal Perspective” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.1, No.1 [Mei]. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UPI Bandung, and UMS Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, ISSN 1979-0112, pp.1-12.Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 7, 2008); Revised (April 17, 2008); and Published (May 20, 2008).
Observation and Discussion on the History of Maritime Archipelago Ali, Ismail
TAWARIKH Vol 1, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: Traditionally, ocean is seen as the source of inspiration in the quest for truth that denies the theory of worldview which is always related to myths and superstitions. Ocean has its advantage to tie relationship between nations, to form the will of togetherness, to understand each other as well as to generate wealth. It is priceless treasure which cannot be traded and changed. On the contrary, ocean can also be regarded as a conflict zone that has brought the fall of many ancient traditional civilizations and caused the distant relationship between nations. In relation to this, this article will review the importance of observation relating to maritime aspects of this region and the ability of maritime in re-uniting modern countries of South East Asia that have destroyed due to past colonization. To realize the mission and vision of uniting the nations of this region, a paradigm shift in the government policy as well as in the mind of the people should first be done, i.e. to see oceans as an uniting factor not as separator. In a bigger framework, all nations of this region should instil the determination and awareness that the historical and cultural maritime of Southeast Asia belongs to everybody and it is the joint heritage of every states and nations in this region.       KEY WORDS: Ocean, united nation, islands of South East Asia, archipelago, and the history of maritime.About the Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Lecturer at the Programme of History, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah), Jalan Beg Berkunci 273, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. He can be reached at: ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2010). “Observation and Discussion on the History of Maritime Archipelago” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.1(2) April, pp.139-158. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 14, 2010); Revised (March 19, 2010); and Published (April 28, 2010).
Ancient Sailing Scripture of Sampang Bulan Ali, Ismail
TAWARIKH Vol 2, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : ASPENSI in Bandung, Indonesia

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ABSTRACT: A Bajau ancient sailing scripture owned by a famous Bajau sailor of Sabah called “Kitab Pelayaran Sampang Bulan (Sappit)” was discovered in Bum-Bum Island, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia in 2009. The scripture is now kept by his great grandchild, Tuan Hj. Bakara Maharaja Onnong, who is living in Bum-Bum Island. The scripture shows that the Bajau community was definitely the famous sailor of its time in Sabah as well as in the “Dunia Melayu” (Malay World). They had knowledge, understanding and practising tradisional science, and Islamic Mathematics in their daily life. Based on previous studies, the content and the physical form of this scripture show that it is the only ancient sailing guide and also the oldest scripture ever found in the traditional maritime history of Sabah. The scripture and calendar show that Bajau sailors living in islands and coasts of Sabah, before and during the Sulu Sultanate’s era, have already possessed the significant knowledge and understanding on falaq that is outdated according to the Westerners.KEY WORDS: Ancient sailing scripture, Sampang Bulan, Bajau sailors, people science, Ismalic Mathematics, and traditional maritime history.About the Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Senior Lecturer at the History Program, School of Social Sciences UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah), Beg Berkunci, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. He can be reached at: ismailrc@ums.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ali, Ismail. (2011). “Ancient Sailing Scripture of Sampang Bulan” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.2(2) April, pp.147-160. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 5, 2011); Revised (March 9, 2011); and Published (April 28, 2011).
Co-Authors Asba, Abdul Rasyid