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Audit Driven Evaluation of Carrier Style Memory Malware Detection Under Obfuscation and Adversarial Attacks Syamsu Hidayat; Kusrini Kusrini; Ema Utami; Arief Setyanto; Kristina Vaher
APTISI Transactions on Management (ATM) Vol 10 No 2 (2026): ATM (APTISI Transactions on Management: May)
Publisher : Pandawan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33050/atm.v10i2.2632

Abstract

This study evaluates Carrier-style memory malware detection under obfuscation using a reproducible, audit-driven protocol for verifiable reporting. We reproduce a stacking pipeline (Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree with a Logistic Regression meta-learner) and benchmark it against strong single-model baselines. To limit leakage, we apply exact deduplication, train-only preprocessing, and group-disjoint splitting with explicit overlap checks, and we report dataset difficulty diagnostics to interpret near-ceiling results. Transfer is tested via cross-collection evaluation on the shared feature intersection between Obfuscated MalMem2022 and MemMalDet 2024, separating a low-shift validation setting from a higher-shift stress setting to keep generalization claims bounded. Robustness is assessed under a feasibility-preserving feature-space threat model with empirical bounds, non-negativity, and integer rounding, using a coordinate-search attack on the clean-correct subset across L0 budgets B=1,3,5, and 10 with confidence intervals. On obfuscated MalMem2022, Random Forest achieves 99.99% Accuracy, 99.99% F1, and 1.00 AUC, while the Carrier-style stack reaches 99.92% Accuracy, 99.92% F1, and 1.00 AUC, with no meaningful improvement over the best single model. Cross-collection validation yields F1 = 99.98 and AUC = 1.0, consistent with low-shift stability under aligned features rather than broad domain generalization. At B=10, ASR is 0.03 (95% CI: 0.0138–0.0639), and baseline defenses show clean-versus-robust trade-offs without consistent ASR reduction. We release four reusable artifacts an audit table, a leakage ablation matrix, a shift-aware cross-collection report, and robustness curves with confidence intervals.
Enhancing the GLANCE Framework for Line-Level Defect Prediction: An Empirical Study of Semantically-Aware Metrics and Non-Linear Classifiers Zahid Mujaddid; Ema Utami
Telematika Vol 18, No 2: August (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Amikom Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35671/telematika.v18i2.3196

Abstract

Line-level defect prediction (LLDP) is critical for reducing software maintenance costs, yet its industrial adoption is often hindered by high false alarm rates that erode developer trust. While the state-of-the-art GLANCE-LR framework offers a lightweight solution, it relies on linear classifiers and purely syntactic heuristics, failing to capture the non-linear defect patterns and semantic risks associated with complex code constructs. To bridge the gap between operational efficiency and semantic awareness, this paper proposes GLANCE++, an enhanced framework that integrates a non-linear LightGBM classifier for refined file-level filtering and introduces three semantically-aware line metrics: Cognitive Complexity Score (CCS), API-Weighted Number of Function Calls (AW-NFC), and Variable-Write Count (VWC). These metrics shift the prediction paradigm from counting tokens to modeling "code risk." Empirical evaluation on 19 open-source Java projects (142 releases) reveals that while the non-linear file classifier yields marginal gains, the semantic line-level metrics achieve statistically significant improvements in precision and False Alarm Rate (FAR). However, this increased selectivity introduces a trade-off, resulting in reduced recall compared to the baseline. Our findings demonstrate that improving the semantic intelligence of heuristics yields far greater impact than increasing model complexity. This suggests that future LLDP research should prioritize theoretically grounded risk metrics over computationally expensive deep learning architectures to ensure practical deployment in real-time CI/CD pipelines.