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All Journal International Journal of Social Service and Research Journal of Social Research Journal Of World Science Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Glosains: Jurnal Sains Global Indonesia
Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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The Evolving Brain: Unraveling the Forces Shaping Human Cognition Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Social and Humanities
Publisher : Pelopor Publikasi Akademika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/ajosh.v3i4.475

Abstract

This interdisciplinary study explores the evolution of the human brain by integrating perspectives from anthropology, neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and technology studies. It delves into the factors driving brain expansion over time, including social complexity, dietary transitions, tool use, and the development of language. By synthesizing primary and secondary data, the research highlights the interplay between cognitive development and environmental pressures, showcasing how human neural architecture was shaped by adaptive responses to changing conditions. The findings reveal that evolutionary adaptations not only influenced brain size and structure but also laid the groundwork for cognitive resilience, particularly in the face of aging and modern technological advancements. This study underscores the profound impact of social and environmental challenges on brain evolution and its ongoing plasticity. Furthermore, it addresses critical questions about how rapid technological shifts are shaping cognitive functions and neural pathways today. By examining the past, present, and future trajectories of the human brain, this research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding its evolutionary processes and offers insights into navigating the challenges of an increasingly complex and technology-driven world.
Ethics and Intellectual Property Rights in Genetic Therapy Raymond R. Tjandrawinata; Ina Heliany; Henry Soelistyo Budi
Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Vol. 3 No. 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Social and Humanities
Publisher : Pelopor Publikasi Akademika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/ajosh.v3i5.500

Abstract

Genetic technology, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, has transformed the paradigm of treating genetic diseases by offering new hope for more effective and precise therapies. However, this advancement also presents significant ethical and intellectual property rights (IPR) challenges. This article explores the impact of patents on the development and accessibility of genetic therapy, as well as the ethical issues arising from human genetic modification, especially at the germline level. Using a qualitative analytical approach that combines literature reviews and case studies, the article examines patent disputes that have emerged in the development of CRISPR and how applied patent policies can exacerbate inequities in access to critically needed medical therapies. Furthermore, the article discusses ethical concerns regarding the misuse of genetic technology and its potential impact on future generations. In conclusion, the article proposes the need for more inclusive and balanced policies that prioritize both innovation and accessibility, as well as strict regulations to ensure the safe and ethical application of genetic technology, while considering broader social and cultural impacts.
From Industrialization to Innovation Justice: The Evolution of Indonesia’s Patent Law (1989–2024) and the Quest for a Post-TRIPS Legal Order Raymond R. Tjandrawinata; Henry Soelistyo Budi; Ina Heliany
Glosains: Jurnal Sains Global Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Glosains: Jurnal Sains Global Indonesia
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Kuningan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59784/glosains.v7i1.645

Abstract

Background: This study examines the evolution of Indonesia’s patent law through a philosophical, structural, and systemic lens, exploring why and how the national legal order has transformed from a state-controlled industrial tool to a plural innovation governance framework. It investigates six dimensions of legal evolution: the philosophical assumptions underlying each legislative phase; the structural redesign of the patent system; the historical and political causes driving reform; the normative implications for justice and inclusion; the epistemic method by which reform has been justified; and the prospective direction of post-TRIPS lawmaking.Objective: …Methods: Using a doctrinal-historical and hermeneutic approach, the analysis traces five major legislative stages: the industrial developmentalism of Law No. 6 of 1989; the liberal-international harmonization of Law No. 14 of 2001; the adaptive institutionalization of Law No. 13 of 2016; and the integrative, sustainability-oriented transformation of Law No. 65 of 2024. Each stage embodies a distinct worldview: from efficiency and control to equity and adaptability.Results: The study finds that Indonesia’s patent regime evolves dialectically rather than linearly—each reform emerging from contradictions between global market demands, constitutional values, and domestic innovation capacity.Conclusion: It concludes that the newest version marks a paradigmatic turn from TRIPS compliance to innovation justice. Yet it also introduces new paradoxes: digital complexity, regulatory overload, and unresolved distributive gaps. The paper proposes that future reforms should cultivate reflexive learning mechanisms within the legal system to sustain co-evolution with emerging technologies and social realities.
Evolution of Spirit and Life into God's Love and the Word in the Johannine Corpus Raymond R. Tjandrawinata; Andreas B. Atawolo
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i2.2433

Abstract

This study aims to develop a novel framework for understanding Johannine theology, particularly its transformative emphasis on spirit, life, divine love, and the Word as conveyed in the Gospel of John, the Johannine Epistles, and Revelation. Employing a systematic review methodology, this research integrates magisterial texts, including Dei Verbum and Deus Caritas Est, alongside seminal theological analyses by Raymond E. Brown and Francis J. Moloney. The methodology facilitates a comprehensive exploration of key themes in Johannine theology, such as Logos theology, the ethical imperatives of divine love, and the eschatological vision of justice and renewal. The findings underscore the centrality of divine love as a unifying principle that informs Catholic doctrine and ethical practice, highlighting its implications for contemporary challenges. Specifically, the study discusses how Johannine theology addresses issues of social justice, ecological stewardship, and global inequities, demonstrating its enduring relevance for theological education and pastoral care. In conclusion, this research contributes fresh perspectives by bridging Johannine theological insights with practical applications, offering transformative guidance for the Church's mission in a complex, interconnected world. This synthesis reaffirms the power of divine love and the Word as foundational elements for fostering justice, renewal, and ethical responsibility in modern society.
System Shift and Stress Testing a Systems Reading Tool for Detecting Pre Shift Vulnerability in Complex Organizations Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
International Journal of Social Service and Research Vol. 6 No. 6 (2026): International Journal of Social Service and Research
Publisher : Ridwan Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46799/ijssr.v6i6.1438

Abstract

Organizations invest significant resources in measuring how well they are performing. However, almost no investment is made in measuring how close they are to the conditions under which that performance collapses. This research argues that this gap is not accidental but rather a structural feature of measuring normal conditions, which is epistemologically blind to the dynamics that precede systemic transitions. Drawing on process ontology and the Systems Shift Framework, we develop a cross-domain stress testing methodology the Systems Shift Stress Testing Framework (SS-STF) oriented not so much on scenario simulation as on the interrogation of assumptions: identifying the structural conditions that hold a system in its current configuration, the thresholds at which those conditions fail, and the organization's current proximity to those thresholds. The framework was developed across three organizational domains manufacturing, finance, and human capital and integrated through a composite instrument, the Transition Proximity Index (TPI). Governance implications are outlined, including reframing stress testing as an epistemological obligation at the board level rather than a mere compliance exercise. This paper contributes to systems theory, the organizational resilience literature, and governance studies.
Beyond Black-Letter Antitrust: Pharmaceutical Patent Expiry, GenericCompetition, and the Rule of Reason in the Pfizer-Dexa Amlodipine Case a Comparative Legal-Systemic Study of Indonesia, the United States, the European Union, and Japan Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Vol. 4 No. 9 (2026): Asian Journal of Social and Humanities
Publisher : Pelopor Publikasi Akademika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/ajosh.v4i9.747

Abstract

This article examines the Pfizer-Dexa amlodipine case as a critical point of intersection among pharmaceutical patent law, generic competition, market regulation, and antitrust adjudication. Rather than treating the case merely as a failed cartel prosecution, the article argues that it reveals a deeper methodological problem in pharmaceutical competition law: the risk of interpreting high prices and parallel market behavior as evidence of collusion without conducting a sufficiently systemic economic and legal inquiry. Using Indonesia as the primary case study and comparing it with the United States, the European Union, and Japan, the article develops the concept of a pharmaceutical systemic rule of reason. This framework requires competition authorities and courts to assess patent expiry, drug approval, generic entry, branded generics, prescription dynamics, distribution structures, and patient access as interconnected components of a regulated health market. The article contributes to antitrust theory by demonstrating that pharmaceutical competition cannot be reduced either to patent absolutism or anti-cartel formalism. Instead, it must be evaluated as a living system in which innovation, access, evidentiary rigor, and market fairness are held together.
From Lowest Unit Price to Lowest Total Supply Risk: A System Shift Framework for Resilience in the Global Generic Pharmaceutical Industry Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
Journal of World Science Vol. 5 No. 6 (2026): Journal of World Science
Publisher : Riviera Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58344/jws.v5i6.1676

Abstract

Generic medicines are routinely framed as a success of price competition, yet recent evidence suggests that the same competitive architecture which lowers unit prices may also weaken supply resilience. Drug shortages, approved-but-unlaunched generics, geographically concentrated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production, sterile-injectable vulnerabilities, and the rising technical complexity of biosimilars indicate that the global generic pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a deeper system transition. This article developed a System Shift framework to analyse these structural challenges, linking seven analytical factors: system condition, domain lock, actors, chokepoints, position, strategy, and feedback. Using a public-source qualitative comparative case analysis of twenty companies across global, Indian, European, North American, Chinese, Korean, South African, and Southeast Asian contexts, the paper identifies recurring patterns of vulnerability and strategic adaptation. The analysis shows that generic firms are not a homogeneous low-margin group; they include global off-patent platforms, vertically integrated Indian exporters, sterile-injectable specialists, biosimilar platforms, regional branded-generic leaders, and national manufacturers. Across these archetypes, the dominant feedback signal remains lowest unit price, while quality maturity, supplier redundancy, and launch reliability remain weakly rewarded. The central conclusion is that generic pharmaceutical governance must shift from a cheapest-unit paradigm toward a lowest-total-supply-risk paradigm. Procurement, regulation, and corporate strategy must incorporate multi-award tendering, explicit supply-security criteria, accelerated regulatory variation pathways, resilient API sourcing, and transparent shortage-prevention feedback loops. The paper contributes a conceptual and policy framework for reinterpreting generic medicines as resilience infrastructure rather than merely low-cost therapeutic substitutes.
Co-Authors Andreas Bernadinus Atawolo Henry Soelistyo Budi Ina Heliany Ina Heliany