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All Journal Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Maritime Park: Journal Of Maritime Technology and Socienty
Mas'ud M, Ahmad Azwar
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering Physics

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Analysis of Wave Characteristic in Fuel Terminal Serui Mas'ud M, Ahmad Azwar; Suntoyo, Suntoyo; Pratikto, Widi A
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): January
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/jocos.5.1.17-26

Abstract

The Serui Fuel Terminal is a vital state-owned facility distributing fuel oil throughout Yapen Island, Papua Province. However, this facility has a problem: waves or overtopping, which can even cause damage to existing facilities. This research aims to determine the hydrodynamic process and wave characteristics through theoretical analysis and numerical modeling using Mike21 with Hydrodynamic (HD) and Spectral Wave (SW) Modules. Bathymetry, current and tidal data collected in the field and wave data collected from ECMWF, calibration is carried out by comparing modeling output (currents & tides) with the results of observations and wave propagation and transformation study theoretically and compared with the results of wave modeling, so the accuracy of the modeling results can be reviewed. The validation results of tidal modeling with a MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value of 0.3%, current modeling with a MAPE value of 30%, and waves from each orthogonal with an average MAPE of 15%. Generally, wave height on the shoreline is 0.3-0.4 m (calm waves), and the cause of the overtopping that occurs is due to the geometry and type of existing coastal buildings with smooth sloping sides and impermeable, which makes the wave height double with a run-up height 0.6-0.8 m.
Probabilistic Evaluation of Seawall Performance Against Wave Run-Up and Overtopping Under Variable Water Levels at Serui Fuel Terminal Mas'ud M, Ahmad Azwar; Paotonan, Chairul; Sitorus, Chris Jeremy Verian; Al Hakim, Muhammad Abdul Ghofur
Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society Volume 5, Issue 1, 2026
Publisher : Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62012/mp.vi.48184

Abstract

Seawalls are one of the coastal protection structures commonly used to reduce the risk of wave overtopping, especially in critical coastal infrastructure. At the Fuel Terminal in Serui, overtopping events have been recorded causing damage to several facilities, even under moderate wave conditions. This study evaluates the performance of the existing seawall under the combined influence of probabilistic waves (H2%, H10%, H33%) and sea level variations (MSL and HWL). A 20-year wave dataset (2002–2021) obtained from ECMWF was statistically analyzed, followed by theoretical wave transformation toward the shoreline. Wave run-up was calculated based on the Iribarren-type formulation and empirical equations, in which the 2% exceedance run-up (R2%) was estimated using the probabilistic extreme wave height (H2%) following established empirical correlations for smooth seawalls. Overtopping discharge was estimated using an exponential formula and compared with established overtopping impact classifications. Results indicate that under High Water Level (HWL) conditions, all run-up values exceeded the seawall crest elevation (+1.93 m relative to MSL), with R2% reaching 3.3 m and a maximum overtopping discharge of 92 l/s/m, corresponding to a high functional damage risk. Wave overtopping does not compromise the structural integrity of the seawall but can cause significant functional damage to facilities and operation behind the wall. Even under MSL conditions, overtopping still occurred for extreme wave conditions (H2%), These results are consistent with field observations in 2020, confirming that the existing seawall geometry and smooth surface contribute to limited wave energy dissipation. Unlike conventional deterministic assessments, this study introduces a probabilistic and field-validated evaluation framework that integrates run-up and overtopping analysis under varying water levels, providing a more realistic basis for assessing seawall performance for future adaptive redesign strategies.
Co-Authors Al Hakim, Muhammad Abdul Ghofur Chairul Paotonan Pratikto, Widi A Sitorus, Chris Jeremy Verian