Rossdiana, Renatha Ayu
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The Urgency of China's Crypto Mining Ban in Relation to the Carbon Neutral Policy 2060 Rossdiana, Renatha Ayu
Global Strategis Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.17.1.2023.183-214

Abstract

Cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, which have been developing since 2008, are gaining increasing popularity due to their high value, considered the future of global finance. With its decentralized concept, crypto activities from mining to buying and selling can be carried out by individuals anywhere at any time. Nevertheless, despite its popularity, several countries, including China, have banned crypto activities, including the mining process. This paper further elaborates on why China has banned cryptocurrency mining. In conducting the analysis, the author uses the concept of sustainable development, the concept of a green economy and the concept of environmental security. As a result, this paper finds that the Chinese government banned crypto mining because of the government's commitment to the Carbon Neutral Policy 2060, where crypto mining is one of the economic sectors that contribute to carbon emissions on a large scale, driving an increase in e-waste and its operations that consume large amounts of energy. This condition contributes to a decrease in the quality of the environment so that its carbon footprint has the potential to become an obstacle for China in realizing its Carbon Neutral Policy. Keywords: carbon neutral policy, China, crypto mining, green economy, sustainable development environment   Mata uang kripto, secara spesifik Bitcoin yang marak berkembang sejak tahun 2008, semakin diminati banyak orang karena nilainya yang tinggi sehingga dianggap sebagai masa depan finansial global. Dengan sifatnya yang terdesentralisasi, aktivitas kripto mulai dari penambangannya hingga jual belinya dapat dilakukan oleh individu perseorangan dimanapun dan kapanpun. Namun, terlepas dari popularitasnya, beberapa negara termasuk Tiongkok melakukan pelarangan aktivitas kripto termasuk penambangannya. Tulisan ini mengelaborasi lebih lanjut pertanyaan mengapa Tiongkok melakukan pelarangan penambangan mata uang kripto. Penulis menggunakan konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan, konsep ekonomi hijau, dan konsep keamanan lingkungan. Hasilnya, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa pemerintah Tiongkok melakukan pelarangan penambangan kripto karena komitmen pemerintah terhadap Carbon Neutral Policy 2060, sebab penambangan kripto merupakan salah satu sektor ekonomi yang menyumbang emisi karbon dalam skala besar, mendorong kenaikan sampah elektronik, dan operasinya yang mengkonsumsi energi dalam jumlah besar. Kondisi ini berkontribusi pada penurunan kualitas lingkungan hidup sehingga jejak karbonnya berpotensi menjadi penghambat Tiongkok dalam mewujudkan Carbon Neutral Policy. Kata kunci: kebijakan karbon netral, Tiongkok, penambangan kripto, ekonomi hijau, pembangunan lingkungan berkelanjutan
STRATEGI KEAMANAN SIBER PEMERINTAH INDIA DARI PERSPEKTIF KAUTILYA: SERANGAN SIBER MUMBAI 2020 Rossdiana, Renatha Ayu; Fahrisa, Titing Reza
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 7 No 1 (2023): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v7i1.408

Abstract

Pada tahun 2020, India mengalami serangan siber di Mumbai yang berdampak pada berbagai sektor vital di Mumbai. Perang siber menjadi arena pertempuran baru yang semakin mengukuhkan kemampuan sebuah negara dalam penguasaan teknologi di satu sisi dan kapabilitas pertahanan negara dalam mengamankan negaranya di sisi lain. Di era globalisasi, kebutuhan terhadap cybersecurity semakin krusial terutama dalam kaitannya dengan keamanan nasional. Tulisan ini mengangkat rumusan masalah bagaimanakah strategi cybersecurity pemerintah India dalam perspektif Kautilya dengan mengambil contoh kasus serangan siber Mumbai tahun 2020. Dalam mengelaborasi tulisan ini, penulis menggunakan konsep strategi perang klasik Kautilya yang relevan diterapkan di era kontemporer dan di luar kondisi perang fisik. Kesimpulan tulisan ini yaitu Pemerintah India mengupayakan penguatan sumber daya siber, mengambil posisi defensif untuk menjaga hubungan baik dengan negara lain dan menerapkan diplomasi siber baik bilateral maupun multilateral sebagai strategi cybersecurity. Serangan siber Mumbai 2020 mempengaruhi keamanan nasional India dalam keamanan ekonomi, pertahanan negara dan hubungan luar negeri. Pertahanan siber yang lemah menyebabkan India menderita kerugian sosio ekonomi.
Perubahan Paradigma Strategi Deterensi Nuklir India dan Pakistan Rossdiana, Renatha Ayu
Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) Vol 12, No 2 (2023): Published in November 2023
Publisher : Andalas Institute of International Studies UNAND

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/ajis.12.2.121-135.2023

Abstract

This paper discusses the shifting in the nuclear deterrence strategies of India and Pakistan. The conflict between India and Pakistan is marked by several high tension such as Kashmir dispute. The presence of nuclear weapons, which is pretty much significant and balanced possession between India and Pakistan make the situation more complicated and challenge the political stability in South Asia. The deterrent strategy of both parties has shifted from full deterrence, where nuclear ownership is to deter the opposing party, to creating second-strike and pre-emptive strike capabilities because they feel an increase in potential threats. India applies the no-first-use (NFU) doctrine, which was initially quite strict but has now become flexible considering the threat from Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistan tends to be a risk-taker by never declaring the NFU doctrine. The author uses nuclear deterrence theory and security dilemma to elaborate the shifting concept of a deterrent strategy by both parties. The rationality of both parties in nuclear deterrence must be the basis of nuclear doctrine, considering the massive impact if both sides engage in a nuclear war. Globally, there needs to be cooperation in mutual control not only in nuclear-armed countries but also in diplomacy among countries that do not have nuclear powers to create global peace. At least in the event of war, both countries do not use their nuclear power.