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All Journal Aladalah: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora aktivisme: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Politik dan Sosial Indonesia Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora Jurnal Sosial Humaniora (JSH)
Riadhotul Muamalah
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Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Social Sciences Other

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 1 
International Law Milestones Throughout History: Forming the Idea of Modern Sovereignty Riadhotul Muamalah
Aktivisme: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Politik dan Sosial Indonesia Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Januari: Aktivisme : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Politik dan Sosial Indonesia
Publisher : Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62383/aktivisme.v2i1.687

Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.
Evolution of International Law: From Early Treaties to Concept of Contemporary Sovereignty Riadhotul Muamalah
Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora
Publisher : Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62383/aliansi.v2i1.671

Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.
Bahrain's Economic Evolution: A Journey from the Oil Era to Sector Diversification Riadhotul Muamalah; Imam Ghazali
ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Syariah Nurul Qarnain Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59246/aladalah.v3i2.1456

Abstract

As an island nation with limited oil reserves, Bahrain faces structural vulnerabilities rooted in its historical reliance on the hydrocarbon sector. This study analyses Bahrain’s economic diversification strategy focusing on finance, tourism, information technology, and SMEs through a qualitative approach grounded in the theoretical framework of New Institutional Economics (NIE). It evaluates how institutional reforms, such as Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 and regulatory sandboxes, alongside fiscal incentives (VAT and corporate tax), have driven structural transformation. The contribution of the non-oil sector to GDP has increased from 50% in 2000 to over 80% in 2023. Key successes include the growth of Islamic finance (16– 18% of GDP) and the expansion of SMEs (30% of GDP), supported by full foreign ownership policies and Tamkeen’s training programs. These sectors have generated employment while enhancing macroeconomic stability and fostering an innovation-driven ecosystem. Nevertheless, persistent challenges such as dependence on foreign labour (70% of the workforce), regional competition with Dubai and Saudi Arabia, and land limitations (786.5 km²) demand adaptive solutions. Theoretically, this study applies Douglass North’s concept of path dependence and Oliver Williamson’s transaction cost theory to understand institutional transitions in Gulf rentier states. Practically, it offers insights for policymakers in middle- income, resource-constrained economies seeking long-term diversification. The findings underscore the need for a holistic approach combining regulatory reform, human capital development, and targeted investment incentives to achieve sustainable post-oil economic transformation.
Evolusi Ekonomi Bahrain: Perjalanan dari Era Minyak ke Diversifikasi Sektor Riadhotul Muamalah
Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Oktober (On Process)
Publisher : Konsultan Surya Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70214/kar8d918

Abstract

Sebagai negara kepulauan dengan cadangan minyak terbatas, Bahrain menghadapi kerentanan struktural yang berakar pada ketergantungan historisnya pada sektor hidrokarbon. Studi ini menganalisis strategi diversifikasi ekonomi Bahrain yang berfokus pada keuangan, pariwisata, teknologi informasi, dan UKM melalui pendekatan kualitatif yang didasarkan pada kerangka teoritis Ekonomi Kelembagaan Baru (NIE). Studi ini mengevaluasi bagaimana reformasi kelembagaan, seperti Visi Ekonomi Bahrain 2030 dan kotak pasir regulasi, serta insentif fiskal (PPN dan pajak perusahaan), telah mendorong transformasi struktural. Kontribusi sektor non-minyak terhadap PDB telah meningkat dari 50% pada tahun 2000 menjadi lebih dari 80% pada tahun 2023. Keberhasilan utama meliputi pertumbuhan keuangan Islam (16–18% dari PDB) dan perluasan UKM (30% dari PDB), yang didukung oleh kebijakan kepemilikan asing penuh dan program pelatihan Tamkeen. Sektor-sektor ini telah menciptakan lapangan kerja sekaligus meningkatkan stabilitas makroekonomi dan mendorong ekosistem yang didorong oleh inovasi. Namun demikian, tantangan yang terus berlanjut seperti ketergantungan pada tenaga kerja asing (70% dari angkatan kerja), persaingan regional dengan Dubai dan Arab Saudi, serta keterbatasan lahan (786,5 km²) menuntut solusi yang adaptif. Secara teoritis, studi ini menerapkan konsep ketergantungan jalur (path dependency) Douglass North dan teori biaya transaksi Oliver Williamson untuk memahami transisi kelembagaan di negara-negara Teluk yang bergantung pada rente. Secara praktis, studi ini menawarkan wawasan bagi para pembuat kebijakan di negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah dengan keterbatasan sumber daya yang berupaya diversifikasi jangka panjang. Temuan ini menggarisbawahi perlunya pendekatan holistik yang menggabungkan reformasi regulasi, pengembangan sumber daya manusia, dan insentif investasi yang terarah untuk mencapai transformasi ekonomi pasca-minyak yang berkelanjutan.
Co-Authors Imam Ghazali