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All Journal IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Energy
Enita Suardi
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Automotive Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Performance of Percentage Refusal Density (PRD) in Asphalt Concrete – Wearing Course (AC-WC) Mixtures with Silica Sand Substitution as Fine Aggregate Mukhlis, Mukhlis; Lusyana; Enita Suardi; Denisa Rahma Sukri; Alyza Sazama
IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Energy Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Ene
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/ijimce.v1i3.46

Abstract

Indonesia is experiencing significant traffic load growth; however, this is often not matched by the development of adequate road infrastructure. This phenomenon occurs because traffic load growth is faster than the development of road infrastructure. Excessive traffic load can cause damage to the roads. Aggregates, especially fine aggregates, play an important role in flexible pavement layers, particularly in the AC-WC layer. The AC-WC layer aims to provide smoothness, safety, and comfort for road users while protecting the underlying layers from damage caused by traffic loads, such as subsidence, ruts, and asphalt deformation. The use of silica sand has become one alternative to improve the quality of the AC-WC layer. This study aims to obtain the Optimal Asphalt Content (KAO) value and the Refusal Optimal Asphalt Content (KAO) value. The KAO value using the Marshall method in the AC-WC mixture is 5.99% for 0% silica sand variation, 5.88% for 25% silica sand variation, 5.845% for 50% silica sand variation, 5.835% for 75% silica sand variation, and 5.810% for 100% silica sand variation. The Refusal KAO value is 5.920% for 0% silica sand variation, 5.83% for 25% silica sand variation, 5.785% for 50% silica sand variation, 5.750% for 75% silica sand variation, and 5.775% for 100% silica sand variation. Thus, the greater the percentage of silica sand added as a substitute for fine aggregates in the AC-WC mixture, the lower the Marshall KAO and Refusal KAO values obtained.
Percentage Refusal Density (PRD) Performance of Hot Rolled Sheet-Wearing Course (HRS-WC) Mixture with Substitution of Palm Shell Ash as Filler Lusyana; mukhlis, Mukhlis; Enita Suardi; Era Alfansyuri; EtriSuhelmidawati; Rahmi Hidayati; Yan Partawijaya
IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Energy Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Ene
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/ijimce.v2i3.85

Abstract

The increasing traffic volume and excessive loads on road pavements often cause permanent deformation in the wearing course layer. One potential solution is the utilization of industrial by-products, such as palm shell ash, as an alternative filler in Hot Rolled Sheet-Wearing Course (HRS-WC) mixtures. This study aims to evaluate the effect of palm shell ash substitution on the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) using the Marshall method and the Percentage Refusal Density (PRD) approach. The research was conducted through laboratory experiments with substitution variations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results indicate that the OAC determined by the Marshall method tends to increase with higher palm shell ash content, ranging from 7.46% to 8.30%. Meanwhile, the OAC values based on PRD range between 7.29% and 8.13%, with the 50% substitution producing the most optimal value at 7.29%. These findings suggest that palm shell ash has significant potential as an eco-friendly alternative filler to enhance the performance of HRS-WC mixtures while simultaneously promoting sustainable utilization of palm oil industry waste
The Effect of Using Palm Shell Fly Ash with Crushed Fine Aggregate on the Compressive Strength of Concrete Zulfira Mirani; mukhlis, Mukhlis; Oni Guspari; Wayu Aktorina; Lusyana; Enita Suardi; Lidiya Annisa; Monika Natalia
IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Energy Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): IJIMCE : International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Construction and Ene
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/ijimce.v2i3.86

Abstract

Palm shell combustion waste produces fly ash containing chemical elements such as silica (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which can act as pozzolanic material. Pozzolans are materials containing silica (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that cannot harden or bind independently like cement when mixed with water, but can react with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 produced from the hydration process of cement, forming cementitious compounds. This study aims to determine the effect of palm shell fly ash as a substitution material and additive on the compressive strength of concrete with crushed fine aggregate variation. The tests were conducted with fly ash content of 0%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, and 25% of cement weight. All specimens were cured under standard conditions and tested at 28 days. The results showed that, with crushed fine aggregate, the compressive strength of concrete with 20% fly ash substitution reached 30.848 MPa, which is 39.15% higher than concrete with fly ash as additive (22.169 MPa). From an engineering standpoint, the optimal substitution level of 20% fly ash yields the highest compressive strength with crushed fine aggregate, providing valuable insight for practical mix design optimization. Although the compressive strength did not exceed that of plain concrete in all conditions, the performance improvement at certain substitution levels highlights the potential for fly ash to enhance durability, workability, and long-term strength development due to its pozzolanic reaction. However, compared with plain concrete without fly ash (24.166 MPa), the addition or substitution of fly ash did not result in higher strength overall. The findings of this study have several important implications for sustainable construction materials and the broader field of concrete technology. The utilization of palm shell fly ash as a partial cement replacement demonstrates the potential for converting agricultural waste into value-added construction materials. This supports environmental sustainability by reducing cement consumption, which is a major source of CO2 emissions, and by minimizing waste disposal problems from palm oil industries.
Co-Authors Alyza Sazama Denisa Rahma Sukri Era Alfansyuri EtriSuhelmidawati Lidiya Annisa Lusyana Monika Natalia Mukhlis Mukhlis Oni Guspari Rahmi Hidayati Wayu Aktorina Yan Partawijaya Zulfira Mirani