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Sengketa Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Sistem Civil Law, Common Law, dan Hukum Islam Shihaf Ismi Salman Najib
Jurist-Diction Vol. 7 No. 4 (2024): Volume 7 No. 4, Oktober 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jd.v7i4.63931

Abstract Wrongful Acts of Law (PMH) is a common issue, but it is still often ignored in a cross-border context. This research aims to enrich the discussion on the importance of PMH rules in international civil law by using normative research methods. PMH in the Continental European, Anglo-American, and Islamic law systems refers to actions that harm other parties and give rise to the victim's right to compensation and the perpetrator's obligation to pay compensation. In the context of international civil law, there are three important principles: lex loci delicti commissi (the law of the place where the act was committed), lex fori (the law of the court handling the case), and the proper law of tort (the law most relevant to the dispute). These principles are used to determine the quality and application of the law relating to cross-border PMH. Abstrak Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) merupakan isu umum, namun dalam konteks lintas negara masih sering diabaikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperkaya pembahasan mengenai pentingnya aturan PMH dalam hukum perdata internasional dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif. PMH dalam sistem hukum Eropa Kontinental, Anglo-American, dan Islamic law mengacu pada perbuatan yang merugikan pihak lain dan menimbulkan hak korban untuk mendapat ganti rugi serta kewajiban pelaku untuk membayar kompensasi. Dalam konteks hukum perdata internasional, terdapat tiga asas penting: lex loci delicti commissi (hukum tempat perbuatan dilakukan), lex fori (hukum pengadilan yang menangani perkara), dan the proper law of tort (hukum yang paling relevan dengan sengketa). Asas-asas ini digunakan untuk menentukan kualitas dan penerapan hukum terkait PMH lintas negara.

The Compensation for Victims of Wrongful Shooting through Pretrial and Alternative Solutions in Indonesia Shihaf Ismi Salman Najib; Geofani Lingga Meryadinata
JUSTISI Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025): JUSTISI
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33506/js.v11i2.4265

This study aims to analyze the mechanism for filing and providing compensation for victims of wrongful shootings in pretrial according to criminal procedure law in Indonesia and explore alternative solutions for victims who do not get the proper compensation. The study method used is normative juridical, emphasizing a prescriptive nature because it solves society's legal problems. It is based on literature studies on primary legal materials such as laws, regulations, and court decisions and secondary legal materials such as journals and legal literature. The novelty of the study lies in the discussion of compensation mechanisms for victims of wrongful shootings and alternative solutions that have not been the primary focus in previous studies. This study explored the effectiveness of pretrial procedures as a solution for victims of wrongful shootings by law enforcement officers, as well as analyzed existing legal mechanisms to identify and propose improvements to prevent similar incidents in the future. The results show that victims of misfire can be compensated through the pretrial petition mechanism stipulated in KUHAP, Government Regulation No. 92/2015, and Ministry of Finance Decree No. 983/KMK.01/1983. However, the existing provisions still restrict the amount of compensation, which is often disproportionate to the victim's losses. Thus, alternative solutions that can be pursued include: (1) non-litigation settlement of cases through negotiation or mediation, (2) taking the criminal route by filing a lawsuit for deprivation of liberty and requesting compensation, and (3) filing a civil lawsuit based on unlawful acts (tort lawsuit). This study concludes that the government needs to revise Government Regulation No. 92/2015 by removing the minimum and maximum compensation limits. The amount of compensation should be determined by the District Court Judge, considering the level of loss suffered by the victim. Thus, justice for victims of wrongful shootings can be realized more optimally.

Choice of Law in International Contracts Based on the Hague Principles 2015: Indonesian Positive Law Perspective Geofani Lingga Meryadinata; Shihaf Ismi Salman Najib; Ahmad Bastomi
JUSTISI Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025): JUSTISI
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33506/js.v11i2.4317

The study aims to examine the principle of choice of law in The Hague Principles 2015, assess the application of choice of law and forum clauses in international contract disputes, and evaluate the relevance and obstacles to its application in Indonesian law to encourage harmonization and legal certainty in cross-border transactions. This research method used a normative legal approach through a literature study with three approaches: statute, case, and comparative. The focus is on applying The Hague Principles 2015 on the choice of law in international contracts and its relevance to Indonesian positive law to strengthen legal certainty and the parties' autonomy. The Novelty this study lies in the study of the potential adoption of THP 2015 in the Indonesian legal system, which until now has not officially recognized these principles. In addition, this study discusses the challenges of implementing legal options and forum options in national law and analyzes real cases of international contract disputes. The study results show that the principle of choice of law in The Hague Principles 2015 upholds the parties' autonomy. However, Indonesian law has not optimally accommodated this principle, causing uncertainty in applying choice of law and forum clauses in international contracts involving national jurisdictions. The conclusions of the Hague Principles 2015 affirm party autonomy in international contracts, allowing freedom to choose the applicable law. Though non-binding, they influence legal interpretation globally. Integration into Indonesia's legal system is recommended to enhance legal certainty, support cross-border trade, and guide judges, practitioners, and scholars in resolving international contract disputes.

Pelanggaran Itikad Baik dalam Subrogasi dan Novasi Subjektif Aktif Sebagian pada Concursus Creditorium Permohonan Pailit Shihaf Ismi Salman Najib; Ahmad Syaifudin; Benny Krestian Heriawanto
Notaire Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): NOTAIRE
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ntr.v8i2.72212

Abstract This research is motivated by the fact that the minimum requirement of two creditors in a bankruptcy petition can be achieved in a way that violates the principle of good faith by using subrogation and partially active subjective novation. This research aims to describe the criteria and legal remedies for violating the principle of good faith by using subrogation and partial active subjective novation to fulfill concursus creditorium in bankruptcy petitions as a form of tort. This research is normative legal research. The result of the research is that active subjective novation cannot be used for partial transfer of receivables. Meanwhile, partial subrogation may be used to transfer receivables. The criteria for violation of the principle of good faith are, 1. The receivables transferred from the old creditor to the third party are not paid in full, are due, and are collectible and 2. The time span between the transfer of receivables from the creditor to the third party and the filing of the bankruptcy petition is less than one year. But not absolute. There are still other indicators. The debtor's legal remedies are filing a cassation to the Supreme Court, tort claims, criminal acts of fraud and/or forgery of letters committed by creditors, and judicial review. Keywords: Good Faith; Subrogation; Active Subjective Novation; Bankruptcy. Abstrak Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi syarat minimal dua kreditor dalam permohonan pailit dapat diraih dengan cara yang diduga melanggar asas itikad baik yakni dengan menggunakan subrogasi dan novasi subjektif aktif sebagian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kriteria dan upaya hukum pelanggaran asas itikad baik penggunaan subrogasi dan novasi subjektif aktif sebagian untuk memenuhi concursus creditorium dalam permohonan pailit sebagai bentuk perbuatan melawan hukum. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa novasi subjektif aktif tidak dapat digunakan untuk pengalihan piutang sebagian. Sedangkan subrogasi sebagian dimungkinkan digunakan sebagai sarana pengalihan piutang. Kriteria pelanggaran asas itikad baik adalah, 1. Piutang yang dialihkan dari kreditor lama ke pihak ketiga adalah piutang tidak dibayar lunas, sudah jatuh tempo, dan dapat ditagih dan 2. Rentang waktu antara peralihan piutang dari kreditor terhadap pihak ketiga dengan pengajuan permohonan pailit kurang dari satu tahun. Namun tidak mutlak. Masih terdapat indikator lainnya. Upaya hukum debitor adalah mengajukan kasasi ke Mahkamah Agung, gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum, tindak pidana penipuan dan/atau pemalsuan surat yang dilakukan oleh kreditor, dan Peninjauan Kembali. Kata Kunci: Itikad Baik; Subrogasi; Novasi Subjektif Aktif; Pailit.

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