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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Progress
Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Enhancing Propylene Glycol Product Yield by Modifying the Glycerol Hydrogenation Process Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul; Vania, Marsha; Aulia, Najmanisa; Hidayah, Nurul; Varado, Isaac
Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Progress 2024: JCERP, Volume 1 Issue 2 Year 2024 (December 2024)
Publisher : UPT Laboratorium Terpadu, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/jcerp.20289

Abstract

The production of propylene glycol from glycerol is an emerging and sustainable approach in the chemical industry that can be considered completely renewable. Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, has gained attention as an alternative feedstock for the synthesis of value-added chemicals such as propylene glycol. This paper evaluates how to perform process modification for optimization of propylene glycol product yield. The process modification was carried out by adding compressor unit before entering a heater, adding heater unit before entering a mixer, and adding 2 separator unit before entering a distillation column. By modifying the addition of compressor unit, heater unit, and 2 separator unit, it has been proven that it can optimizing the propylene glycol product yield by up to 99.75%. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Methyl ester production from high free fatty acid content with Ce/Zeolite bifunctional catalyst Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul; Wilujeng, Dinanti Putrisia; Widayat, W.; Hadiyanto, H.; Sulardjaka, S.; Ngadi, Noorzita
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61945

Abstract

The production of methyl esters from high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock remains a critical challenge in biodiesel processing, particularly when using Palm Acid Oil–waste cooking oil (PAO–WCO) with an initial FFA content of 53.21%. Such high FFA content significantly reduces reaction efficiency and necessitates a conventional two-step process involving esterification to lower the FFA level followed by transesterification to convert triglycerides into methyl esters. This multistep approach limits process efficiency and increases operational complexity for high-FFA feedstock. This study investigates the use of a bifunctional Ce/Zeolite catalyst to enable simultaneous esterification and transesterification in a single-step process for high FFA content oil. The zeolite support was synthesized from geothermal waste, and cerium was incorporated via impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using SEM–EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses. The reaction was conducted under various operating conditions, including different temperatures and catalyst loadings. The Ce/Zeolite catalyst exhibited effective bifunctional activity, enhancing the simultaneous conversion of FFAs and triglycerides in high FFA content feedstock. The optimum conditions were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, 4 wt% catalyst loading, and a reaction temperature of 50 °C for 180 min. Under these conditions, FAME concentration of 91.5% was obtained, with FFA conversion of 25.31% (reduction of 13.47% FFAs from initial 53.21%) achieved in a single-step transesterification process. These results demonstrate that Ce/Zeolite is a promising bifunctional catalyst for the efficient processing of high FFA content oil, offering a simplified and more sustainable pathway for industrial biodiesel production.
Co-Authors . Widayat Aulia, Najmanisa H Hadiyanto Ngadi, Noorzita NURUL HIDAYAH Sulardjaka, S. Vania, Marsha Varado, Isaac Wilujeng, Dinanti Putrisia