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The dynamics of fiscal deficit and current account in 12 SADC countries Kondo, Talent; Mutsvangwa, Simba
Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jgas.v5i1.2499

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between fiscal deficits and current account deficits in SADC countries. Methods: A panel analysis using a random-effects model with secondary data from 2009 to 2020 was employed. Results: Higher fiscal deficits affected current account deficits in the SADC region. Real interest rates and trade openness are critical determinants of both deficits. Contributions: This study enhances the understanding of macroeconomic imbalances in the SADC region, guiding policymakers in creating tailored policy frameworks for economic stability and sustainable development. Novelty: The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between fiscal deficit and current account deficits in Southern African Development Community (SADC) 12-member countries, offering significant insights into the macroeconomic dynamics of the region. A panel analysis using a random effects model with data spanning September 2009 to December 2020 was employed, capturing trends and individual country effects. This study provides a robust examination of common trends and individual country effects, enriching the understanding of how these macroeconomic variables are important within the SADC context. Its emphasis on tailored policy frameworks to address fiscal and external imbalances reflects a forward-looking approach, offering practical guidance for policymakers striving to enhance economic stability and sustainable development within the SADC region. As an area for further study, the same research can be replicated in BRICKS countries and a comparative analysis can be conducted for a broader analysis.

Causality between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Mutsvangwa , Simba; Mandishekwa , Robson
Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): May
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jshe.v5i3.2704

Purpose: To investigate the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Research methodology: This study employed a Granger causality test to analyze the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy for the period–1980-2019. Results: This study revealed that there is no causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Conclusions: This study focuses on the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. This finding reveals that aid does not improve life expectancy. Policies for Zimbabwe should not focus much on improving life expectancy by relying mostly on foreign aid, but through domestic financing. Limitations: The study's limitations include potential factors that may not have been included, which could impact the relationship between aid and life expectancy. These results are specific to Zimbabwe and may not be generalizable to other countries. Contribution: This study offers valuable insights to the government and other stakeholders in formulating evidence-based policies aimed at optimizing the utilization of foreign aid. Specifically, these findings can inform the design of targeted health policies with the potential to positively influence life expectancy outcomes in Zimbabwe. Novelty: While previous research has often focused on broad economic indicators, this study uniquely emphasizes health outcomes, specifically life expectancy, as a key measure of development. This study highlights the critical issues of aid mismanagement and corruption, advocating for greater transparency and accountability in the usage of foreign aid.

The Nexus between Government Spending and Agricultural Output: Evidence from Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Mustvangwa , Simba; Masere, Victoria
Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jgas.v5i2.2738

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between government spending and agricultural output in Zimbabwe, while also evaluating the effects of macroeconomic variables such as inflation, carbon emissions, rainfall, population growth, and temperature on agricultural output. Methods: The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed using time-series data from 1980 to 2022. Data were sourced from the World Bank and the IMF. Diagnostic tests, including stationarity checks, cointegration analysis, and stability assessments (CUSUM and CUSUMSQ), were conducted to ensure the robustness of the model. Results: The findings reveal significant short- and long-run relationships between government spending and agricultural output. Government expenditure, rainfall, and population positively influenced agricultural productivity, whereas inflation and carbon emissions had a negative effect. The ARDL model explains 95% of the variation in agricultural output, indicating a strong model fit and predictive power. Conclusion: The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model demonstrated a positive relationship between government spending and agricultural output in both the short and long terms. Based on the results, the study concluded that sustained government support through subsidies, grants, and other resources has the potential to enhance agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe over time. Limitations: The study is limited by the availability and quality of historical data, which may constrain the precision of certain estimates. Contributions: This research assists the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water, and Rural Development in developing targeted interventions to enhance the performance and resilience of Zimbabwe's farmers and agribusinesses. The findings can help the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe align its policies with the evolving needs of farmers, especially post-COVID-19 and amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Investigating the causal nexus between remittances and economic growth in Zimbabwean Jonasi, Knowledge; Towo, Tendai; Chitombo, Ezekiel; Kondo, Talent; Dangaiso, Phillip; Vakai, Elizabeth
Annals of Management and Organization Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): August
Publisher : goodwood publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/amor.v7i1.2430

Purpose: This study aims to examine the nexus between remittances and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Methods: The research employed the Granger Causality test using annual time series data from 1980 to 2022. Preliminary diagnostic tests including stationarity, cointegration, and error correction modeling were conducted to ensure methodological rigor. Results: Findings reveal that remittances are not significantly influenced by GDP, as shown by a P-value of 0.5158. Conversely, remittances significantly drive Zimbabwe’s economic growth with a P-value of 0.0429. This highlights remittances as a vital income source that fuels household consumption, investment, and financial inclusion. The unidirectional causality emphasizes their role as a stable economic pillar independent of GDP fluctuations. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that remittances Granger-cause economic growth in Zimbabwe, but GDP does not Granger-cause remittances. This underlines the critical role of remittance inflows in sustaining consumption, supporting human capital investment, and strengthening financial development in the context of economic instability and high emigration. Limitation: The research faced challenges in accessing complete and reliable data, requiring innovative strategies to address missing values and restricting analysis to annual data. Contribution: The results provide context-specific evidence useful for scholars and policymakers in designing strategies to better channel remittances into productive investments. The study contributes by clarifying the causal mechanism between remittances and growth in Zimbabwe and offering insights for policy initiatives aimed at economic recovery and sustainable development.

The nexus between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Tambudzai, Zachary
Annals of Management and Organization Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): August
Publisher : goodwood publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/amor.v7i1.2630

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2023. Research Methodology: A time-series analysis was conducted using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine both short-run and long-run dynamics. Diagnostic tests, such as ADF, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and serial correlation, were performed to ensure robustness. Results: The findings revealed that agricultural exports had a positive and statistically significant effect on food security. A 1% increase in agricultural exports leads to a 0.007% increase in food security. Other variables, such as rainfall, capital expenditure, and consumption expenditure, positively influenced food security, whereas rural and urban population growth negatively impacted it. Conclusions: Agricultural exports play a critical role in enhancing food security in Zimbabwe by generating foreign currency and promoting investment in the agricultural sector. However, demographic pressures and climate-related risks remain significant challenges. Limitations: The study is limited by data availability, as annual data may overlook short-term changes. Additionally, some potentially influential variables were excluded because of data constraints. Contribution: This study contributes empirical evidence to policy debates on balancing export-oriented agriculture with domestic food needs. It offers actionable insights for government ministries and institutions involved in agricultural planning, advocating greater support for capital investment, infrastructure, and farmer education to ensure sustainable food security outcomes.

Investigating the causal nexus between remittances and economic growth in Zimbabwean Jonasi, Knowledge; Towo, Tendai; Chitombo, Ezekiel; Kondo, Talent; Dangaiso, Phillip; Vakai, Elizabeth
Annals of Management and Organization Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): August
Publisher : goodwood publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/amor.v7i1.2430

Purpose: This study aims to examine the nexus between remittances and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Methods: The research employed the Granger Causality test using annual time series data from 1980 to 2022. Preliminary diagnostic tests including stationarity, cointegration, and error correction modeling were conducted to ensure methodological rigor. Results: Findings reveal that remittances are not significantly influenced by GDP, as shown by a P-value of 0.5158. Conversely, remittances significantly drive Zimbabwe’s economic growth with a P-value of 0.0429. This highlights remittances as a vital income source that fuels household consumption, investment, and financial inclusion. The unidirectional causality emphasizes their role as a stable economic pillar independent of GDP fluctuations. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that remittances Granger-cause economic growth in Zimbabwe, but GDP does not Granger-cause remittances. This underlines the critical role of remittance inflows in sustaining consumption, supporting human capital investment, and strengthening financial development in the context of economic instability and high emigration. Limitation: The research faced challenges in accessing complete and reliable data, requiring innovative strategies to address missing values and restricting analysis to annual data. Contribution: The results provide context-specific evidence useful for scholars and policymakers in designing strategies to better channel remittances into productive investments. The study contributes by clarifying the causal mechanism between remittances and growth in Zimbabwe and offering insights for policy initiatives aimed at economic recovery and sustainable development.

The nexus between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Tambudzai, Zachary
Annals of Management and Organization Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): August
Publisher : goodwood publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/amor.v7i1.2630

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2023. Research Methodology: A time-series analysis was conducted using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine both short-run and long-run dynamics. Diagnostic tests, such as ADF, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and serial correlation, were performed to ensure robustness. Results: The findings revealed that agricultural exports had a positive and statistically significant effect on food security. A 1% increase in agricultural exports leads to a 0.007% increase in food security. Other variables, such as rainfall, capital expenditure, and consumption expenditure, positively influenced food security, whereas rural and urban population growth negatively impacted it. Conclusions: Agricultural exports play a critical role in enhancing food security in Zimbabwe by generating foreign currency and promoting investment in the agricultural sector. However, demographic pressures and climate-related risks remain significant challenges. Limitations: The study is limited by data availability, as annual data may overlook short-term changes. Additionally, some potentially influential variables were excluded because of data constraints. Contribution: This study contributes empirical evidence to policy debates on balancing export-oriented agriculture with domestic food needs. It offers actionable insights for government ministries and institutions involved in agricultural planning, advocating greater support for capital investment, infrastructure, and farmer education to ensure sustainable food security outcomes.

Causality between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Mutsvangwa , Simba; Mandishekwa , Robson
Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): May
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jshe.v5i3.2704

Purpose: To investigate the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Research methodology: This study employed a Granger causality test to analyze the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy for the period–1980-2019. Results: This study revealed that there is no causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Conclusions: This study focuses on the causal relationship between foreign aid and life expectancy in Zimbabwe. This finding reveals that aid does not improve life expectancy. Policies for Zimbabwe should not focus much on improving life expectancy by relying mostly on foreign aid, but through domestic financing. Limitations: The study's limitations include potential factors that may not have been included, which could impact the relationship between aid and life expectancy. These results are specific to Zimbabwe and may not be generalizable to other countries. Contribution: This study offers valuable insights to the government and other stakeholders in formulating evidence-based policies aimed at optimizing the utilization of foreign aid. Specifically, these findings can inform the design of targeted health policies with the potential to positively influence life expectancy outcomes in Zimbabwe. Novelty: While previous research has often focused on broad economic indicators, this study uniquely emphasizes health outcomes, specifically life expectancy, as a key measure of development. This study highlights the critical issues of aid mismanagement and corruption, advocating for greater transparency and accountability in the usage of foreign aid.

The dynamics of fiscal deficit and current account in 12 SADC countries Kondo, Talent; Mutsvangwa, Simba
Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jgas.v5i1.2499

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between fiscal deficits and current account deficits in SADC countries. Methods: A panel analysis using a random-effects model with secondary data from 2009 to 2020 was employed. Results: Higher fiscal deficits affected current account deficits in the SADC region. Real interest rates and trade openness are critical determinants of both deficits. Contributions: This study enhances the understanding of macroeconomic imbalances in the SADC region, guiding policymakers in creating tailored policy frameworks for economic stability and sustainable development. Novelty: The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between fiscal deficit and current account deficits in Southern African Development Community (SADC) 12-member countries, offering significant insights into the macroeconomic dynamics of the region. A panel analysis using a random effects model with data spanning September 2009 to December 2020 was employed, capturing trends and individual country effects. This study provides a robust examination of common trends and individual country effects, enriching the understanding of how these macroeconomic variables are important within the SADC context. Its emphasis on tailored policy frameworks to address fiscal and external imbalances reflects a forward-looking approach, offering practical guidance for policymakers striving to enhance economic stability and sustainable development within the SADC region. As an area for further study, the same research can be replicated in BRICKS countries and a comparative analysis can be conducted for a broader analysis.

The Nexus between Government Spending and Agricultural Output: Evidence from Zimbabwe Kondo, Talent; Mustvangwa , Simba; Masere, Victoria
Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July
Publisher : Goodwood Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35912/jgas.v5i2.2738

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between government spending and agricultural output in Zimbabwe, while also evaluating the effects of macroeconomic variables such as inflation, carbon emissions, rainfall, population growth, and temperature on agricultural output. Methods: The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed using time-series data from 1980 to 2022. Data were sourced from the World Bank and the IMF. Diagnostic tests, including stationarity checks, cointegration analysis, and stability assessments (CUSUM and CUSUMSQ), were conducted to ensure the robustness of the model. Results: The findings reveal significant short- and long-run relationships between government spending and agricultural output. Government expenditure, rainfall, and population positively influenced agricultural productivity, whereas inflation and carbon emissions had a negative effect. The ARDL model explains 95% of the variation in agricultural output, indicating a strong model fit and predictive power. Conclusion: The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model demonstrated a positive relationship between government spending and agricultural output in both the short and long terms. Based on the results, the study concluded that sustained government support through subsidies, grants, and other resources has the potential to enhance agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe over time. Limitations: The study is limited by the availability and quality of historical data, which may constrain the precision of certain estimates. Contributions: This research assists the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water, and Rural Development in developing targeted interventions to enhance the performance and resilience of Zimbabwe's farmers and agribusinesses. The findings can help the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe align its policies with the evolving needs of farmers, especially post-COVID-19 and amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

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