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A Study of the Effects of Alum and PAC on the Coagulation Process of Dug Well Water Finar Ramadhan; Lalak Tarbiyatun Nasyin Maleiva; Putranty Widha Nugraheni
IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry) Vol 9, No 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v9.i1.55

Abstract

The local population of Pal IX Village in West Kalimantan heavily depends on dug wells as their main source of obtaining clean water. The prolonged consumption of elevated concentrations of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in water sourced from dug wells has neurotoxic effects on both adults and children. Therefore, it is imperative to employ alum and PAC coagulants for the treatment of dug well water in order to comply with the established national quality standard. However, the utilization of both coagulants resulted in an elevation in the levels of iron (Fe), hence restricting the capacity to satisfy the quality standards. An augmentation in the mass of the coagulant is associated with a decline in the reduction efficiency. It is indicated that utilizing a mass of 0.5 grams of alum coagulant is the most favorable choice, resulting in a reduction of 50.14% for total dissolved solids (TDS), 86.25% for color, 97.70% for turbidity, and 94.48% for the concentration of Mn metal. By PAC coagulant, it has been determined that an ideal coagulant mass of 0.5 gram produces favorable outcomes with a TDS reduction of 45.08%, a color reduction of 97.71%, a turbidity reduction of 97.22%, and a Mn reduction of 95.04%. Keywords: Alum; PAC; coagulant; coagulation; dug well water
The Hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite from ale-ale shells as a bone graft material alternative Tyas Galuh Amelia; Maulana Irfan Edri Prasetyo; Lalak Tarbiyatun Nasyin Maleiva; Adhityawarman; Syahrul Khairi
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 20 No 1 (2026): Volume 20, Number 1, 2026
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.20841

Abstract

Ale-ale shells (Meretrix meretrix), a locally abundant shellfish waste in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, were investigated as a sustainable calcium precursor for the hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂), the primary inorganic constituent of bone widely used in graft applications. Synthesis was conducted under varying reaction times (16–24 hours) and temperatures (140–180°C). FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the formation of hexagonal-phase hydroxyapatite consistent with the JCPDS 09-0432 standard, with characteristic hydroxyl and phosphate functional groups detected and minor carbonate incorporation (1.00–1.52%), remaining well below the 8% limit for bone implant applications. The optimum condition was identified at 160°C for 20 hours, yielding nano-scale hydroxyapatite (14.50 nm) with high crystallinity (98.90%), satisfying ISO 13779 requirements. These findings highlight the potential of ale-ale shell-derived hydroxyapatite as a viable, locally sourced alternative to imported biomaterials while supporting the sustainable valorization of Indonesian shellfish waste.