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All Journal Life and Death: Journal of Eschatology Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science
Paul, Sanghati
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Religion Humanities Social Sciences

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Fides quaerens intellectum, hindu divine philosophy and its relevance to religious moderation in Indonesia Avalokitresvari, Ni Nyoman Ayu Nikki; Paul, Sanghati
Life and Death: Journal of Eschatology Vol. 2 No. 2: (January) 2025
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/lad.v2i2.2025.1258

Abstract

Background: The relationship between faith and reason has been a topic of interest in both religion and philosophy. In the Western tradition, they are often viewed as distinct and difficult to reconcile. However, Hinduism emphasizes the synthesis of ritual (karmakāṇḍa) and knowledge (jñanakāṇḍa), which integrates human intellect with divine understanding. Objective: This paper explores the concept of faith and reason in both Western and Hindu philosophy, specifically looking at how these ideas are interconnected and how they influence the development of global citizenship, unity, and interfaith harmony. Methods: The study uses a comparative approach, analyzing key figures such as St. Anselm in Christian philosophy and Ādi Śaṅkarācārya and Swami Vivekananda in Hindu philosophy. The research examines their ideas on the synthesis of faith, reason, and intellect. Findings: The findings show that in both traditions, faith and reason are not mutually exclusive but are complementary. St. Anselm’s Fides quaerens intellectum and Śaṅkarācārya’s doctrine of unity promote a harmonious relationship between theology and philosophy, suggesting that reason and intellect strengthen faith and belief. Conclusion: The synthesis of faith and reason in both Western and Hindu philosophy supports the development of a global citizen who embraces diversity without conflict. Both traditions emphasize the importance of human intellect and reasoning in spiritual practice and understanding, highlighting the universal value of unity. Novelty/Originality of this article: This paper presents a unique comparative analysis of faith and reason in Western and Hindu philosophy, emphasizing their complementary roles in fostering interfaith dialogue, intellectual growth, and global citizenship.
Embodying the divine in Bali gender, ritual authority, and the politics of representation in Hindu Jero, Ni Wayan Jemiwi; Jha, Gautam Kumar; Kashiwa, Miki; Paul, Sanghati
Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science Vol. 3 No. 1: (October) 2025
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/ijroms.v3i1.2025.2306

Abstract

Background: This article examines how women's bodies serve as a medium for divine power, or Śakti (transcendent feminine power), in Balinese Hindu rituals, to explain the articulation of religious authority and gender representation within patriarchal customary structures. Conceptually, this study draws on literature concerning ritual embodiment, religion as material practice, and community-based gender activism, which shows that religious authority arises from the performativity of sanctity embedded in social relations. Methods: The methods used include religious ethnography with participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and the documentation of rituals performed by female leaders such as Jero Mangku Istri and Jero Balian, as well as an in-depth case study of a female priest who her community has recognized since childhood as a medium for the goddess Danu. Finding: Women are not merely ritual performers but key actors who materialize and mediate the divine through movement, voice, and spiritual service; their authority is often not formally institutionalized but gains spiritual and symbolic legitimacy through communal recognition. These results align with the framework of ritual and material religion: transcendent experiences, the performativity of sanctity, and social networks work together to shape women's religious authority despite structural male domination. Conclusion: In conclusion, women's bodies become a field of negotiation between the sacred and the profane as well as a source of effective religious authority at the practical level. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this research lies in its empirical demonstration of how women's bodies as mediums of Śakti generate community-recognized authority despite not being formalized, as well as in its integration of religious ethnography with the framework of materialization and religion to map the dynamics of gender and power in contemporary Balinese Hinduism.
Co-Authors Avalokitresvari, Ni Nyoman Ayu Nikki Gautam Kumar Jha Jero, Ni Wayan Jemiwi Kashiwa, Miki