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All Journal Makara Journal of Technology International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Mohd Rais, Ahmad Rujhan
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Electrical performance for in-situ doping of phosphorous in silver paste screen-printed contact on p-type silicon solar cell Mohd Sinin, Nurul Aqidah; Mohd Rais, Ahmad Rujhan; Mohd Ahir, Zon Fazlila; Sopian, Kamaruzzaman; Ibrahim, Mohd Adib
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60822

Abstract

This study addresses the challenge of enhancing the efficiency of silicon solar cells by investigating the electrical performance of phosphorus-doped silver (Ag-P) pastes used in screen-printed contacts on p-type silicon wafers. Conventional silver (Ag) pastes serve as conductive contacts but lack the ability to simultaneously doped the emitter region, leading to complex fabrication processes and limiting cell efficiency. To overcome this, we explore an in-situ approach using Ag-based paste and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), which combines emitter doping and contact formation, thereby simplifying fabrication while enhancing performance. In this study, both un-doped and phosphorus-doped Ag pastes were screen-printed onto planar, textured, and silicon dioxide-passivated silicon wafers, followed by annealing at 900°C by using a round quartz tube furnace with 45s in and 45s out with a holding time of the 40s. Electrical performance was measured through light-current-voltage (LIV) and quantum efficiency analyses. According to the short circuit current density (JSC) for only Ag-based paste screen-printed on only one-sided (A) and both-sided (B) indicates a higher JSC value of 9.63 mA/cm2 for A meanwhile, sample B gains 7.54 mA/cm2. For comparison, the JSC values for screen-printed Ag-P on only one side (A) and both sides (B) are 10.4 mA/cm² and 10.4 mA/cm², respectively. Thus, the overall efficiency of Ag-P screen-printed on a one-sided Si wafer was 1.65% higher than that of the rest of the samples. However, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) for Ag-P screen-printed on Si wafer display higher percentages between 80-83% and 63-73% at a wavelength range of 650 to 900 nm than the rest of the samples. The QE measurements reveal that Ag-P paste effectively mitigates surface recombination losses, resulting in higher efficiency and improved charge carrier collection. These findings indicate that Ag-P paste offers a viable alternative to conventional screen-printed contacts by enhancing both device performance and electrical efficiency through integrated doping and contact formation. This work suggests that Ag-P paste could play a vital role in advancing high-performance silicon solar cell technologies.
Assessing Solar Radiation Patterns in Sarawak using Measured Data and the Hargreaves-Samani Model for Photovoltaic Systems Application Soo, Chun Yong; Chan, Xian Hwa; Wan Mokhtar, Wan Mohamad Husni; Mohd Rais, Ahmad Rujhan
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 29, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This study evaluates the Hargreaves-Samani model for estimating solar radiation in five locations in Sarawak: Bintulu, Kapit, Sri Aman, Kuching, and Miri (Subis), using minimum and maximum temperatures as key inputs. Analysis reveals stable minimum temperatures (19.7 °C to 28.8 °C), supporting consistent solar radiation patterns favorable for Photovoltaic (PV) performance. Miri (Subis) recorded the highest daily maximum temperature of 44.8 °C, while Kuching had the lowest at 24.7 °C, highlighting significant regional climatic variability. Analysis also indicates strong solar potential in Bintulu, Kapit, Sri Aman, Kuching, and Miri, with radiation peaking at 7.5 kWh/m², though seasonal variations impact PV power generation. Initial solar radiation, RI estimates range from 2.49 to 7.81 kWh/m² annually, demonstrating substantial seasonal and regional differences. Re-optimized adjustment coefficients (k) indicate that Bintulu (0.190) and Kuching (0.186) exceed coastal standards (0.16), while Kapit (0.168), Sri Aman (0.175), and Miri (0.160) are below inland standards (0.19). These adjustments yield optimized solar radiation, RO values ranging from 2.15 to 7.351 kWh/m², confirming significant PV potential. Cloud cover varies from 20.3% to 100%, peaking during monsoon seasons and decreasing in drier months. The Hargreaves-Samani model demonstrated the highest accuracy in Sri Aman (RMSE: 29.63%) and Kapit (RMSE: 32.76%), with lower accuracy in Bintulu (RMSE: 59.34%) when comparing measured and optimized solar radiation. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing solar energy utilization and optimizing PV systems in Sarawak’s tropical climate.
Co-Authors Chan, Xian Hwa Ibrahim, Mohd Adib Mohd Ahir, Zon Fazlila Mohd Sinin, Nurul Aqidah Soo, Chun Yong Sopian, Kamaruzzaman Wan Mokhtar, Wan Mohamad Husni