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Change of Trilingual National Schools to Cooperative Education Unit Schools (SPK) Impact of Permendikbud No. 31 of 2014 Kusmayanti, Shanti
Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies
Publisher : Green Publisher Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59188/eduvest.v5i2.44729

Abstract

The term 3 Language National School has been known in Indonesia since the reform era. It is called the Three Language National School because this school includes Mandarin as a subject in addition to Indonesian and English. The government considers Mandarin to be a form of foreign cooperation. As a result, three Language Schools in Indonesia are included in the Cooperative Education Unit School or SPK. The term SPK, mentioned before Permendikbud No. 31/2014 regarding Cooperative Education Unit Schools, was previously referred to as International Schools. The purpose of this study is to analyze Permendikbud No. 31/2014, which changed the 3 Language National School to the Cooperative Education Unit School (SPK). The method used in this study is normative legal research using three approaches, namely the statutory approach, the case approach, and the conceptual approach. The essay will be conducted with analysis using a critical legal perspective and John Rawls' theory of justice. The study results reveal many problems stemming from the implementation of Permendikbud No. 31/2014. This has led to the decline of 3 Language Schools and has forced the 3 Language National Schools, which have a history and vision of being national schools, to also face challenges. Some of these schools are even at risk of dissolution.
Constitutional Court and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights in the Fourth Revision of the Mining Law Kusmayanti, Shanti; Ardhanariswari , Riris; Kunarti, Siti; Nasihuddin, Abdul Aziz
As-Siyasi: Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): As-Siyasi: Journal of Constitutional Law
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/as-siyasi.v52.27481

Abstract

The fourth amendment to Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining (Mining Law) has provoked widespread public criticism amid persistent mining-related problems, including land dispossession, environmental degradation, pollution, structural poverty, and the criminalization of local communities. These issues are intensified by the government’s limited responsiveness to public concerns, notwithstanding the Constitutional Court’s affirmation that state control over natural resources, as mandated by Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, must constitute the fundamental basis for their management and utilization. This study aims to evaluate whether the fourth revision of the Mining Law has positive or negative impacts on society and the environment, and to examine the Constitutional Court's role in addressing constitutional issues arising from the law. The research employs a normative juridical approach, analyzing statutory regulations, supported by a literature review and a conceptual framework to interpret the principles of natural resource governance and environmental justice. The findings reveal that the revised Mining Law continues to contain substantial deficiencies, particularly regarding transparency, public participation, and the centralization of licensing authority at the national level. Such provisions weaken the role of local governments and restrict public oversight of mining activities. This study concludes that further harmonization of the Mining Law with constitutional principles is necessary, alongside strengthened environmental protection and a more inclusive policymaking process. In this regard, the Constitutional Court plays a crucial role as the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring that natural resource governance remains consistent with Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution and oriented toward sustainable and equitable prosperity.