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All Journal Jambura Journal of Biomathematics (JJBM)
Mallick, Uzzwal Kumar
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Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Mathematics

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Cost-effectiveness with Optimal Strategies for Enhancing Population Birth Rate Trends in Japan Kundu, Pulak; Mallick, Uzzwal Kumar
Jambura Journal of Biomathematics (JJBM) Volume 6, Issue 2: June 2025
Publisher : Department of Mathematics, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37905/jjbm.v6i2.30983

Abstract

Japan faces one of the major challenges as its declining birth rate and aging population threaten long-term demographic and economic stability. To address this challenge,  a mathematical model with optimal control has been formulated, employing awareness programs and incentives to maximize population growth at minimal policy costs. Along with analyzing the model’s positivity, boundedness, existence of a unique solution, and stability at equilibrium points, the optimal control was characterized using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. Using the forward-backward sweep method, the numerical simulation demonstrated that the objective is maximized by applying awareness programs and incentives at full capacity until 2042 and 2046, respectively, before gradually reducing them. Then, a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to determine the most efficient approach, revealing that awareness programs are more cost-effective than the alternative strategy. Therefore, the findings of this study provide valuable guidance for policymakers to develop practical, cost-effective strategies that address Japan’s demographic challenges and promote sustainable population growth for society.
Mathematical Analysis on the Effects of Microplastic Pollution and Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs in Aquatic Ecosystem Rahman, MD Shakilur; Mallick, Uzzwal Kumar
Jambura Journal of Biomathematics (JJBM) Volume 6, Issue 3: September 2025
Publisher : Department of Mathematics, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37905/jjbm.v6i3.30288

Abstract

This study explores the complex interplay between microplastic contamination and ocean acidification in influencing coral reef ecosystems through the development of a mathematical model with time-varying parameters.  The model ensures positivity and boundedness to accurately represent ecological dynamics, and stability analyses provide insights into system behavior under various environmental conditions.  Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results and reveal that microplastic accumulation in marine environments significantly hinders coral reef establishment while contributing to elevated oceanic carbon dioxide levels. These rising CO2  levels, primarily driven by anthropogenic emissions, lead to accelerated ocean acidification, further degrading coral reefs. Model predictions indicate that, if unchecked, the current trends in microplastic pollution and ocean acidification will result in a 50% reduction in coral reef coverage within  four decades. However, the findings suggest that limiting microplastic input into aquatic ecosystems could  mitigate these adverse effects, preserving reef health and slowing acidification.   By quantifying the  relationship between microplastic pollution, ocean acidification, and coral reef dynamics, this study provides a robust framework for understanding and addressing critical threats to marine ecosystems.
Co-Authors Kundu, Pulak Rahman, MD Shakilur