<![CDATA[This study explores the complex interplay between microplastic contamination and ocean acidification in influencing coral reef ecosystems through the development of a mathematical model with time-varying parameters. The model ensures positivity and boundedness to accurately represent ecological dynamics, and stability analyses provide insights into system behavior under various environmental conditions. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results and reveal that microplastic accumulation in marine environments significantly hinders coral reef establishment while contributing to elevated oceanic carbon dioxide levels. These rising CO2 levels, primarily driven by anthropogenic emissions, lead to accelerated ocean acidification, further degrading coral reefs. Model predictions indicate that, if unchecked, the current trends in microplastic pollution and ocean acidification will result in a 50% reduction in coral reef coverage within four decades. However, the findings suggest that limiting microplastic input into aquatic ecosystems could mitigate these adverse effects, preserving reef health and slowing acidification. By quantifying the relationship between microplastic pollution, ocean acidification, and coral reef dynamics, this study provides a robust framework for understanding and addressing critical threats to marine ecosystems.]]>
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