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All Journal Jambura Law Review Jurnal Jatiswara Indonesian Journal of International Law
Wardana, Rangga Vandy
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Status Hukum Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) menurut Hukum Laut Internasional: Peluang dan Tantangan Puspitawati, Dhiana; Wardana, Rangga Vandy; Riadhussyah, M
JATISWARA Vol. 40 No. 1 (2025): Jatiswara
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jtsw.v40i1.1203

Abstract

Penelitian ini akan membahas status hukum UUV menurut Hukum Laut Internasional serta membahas peluang dan tantangan pengaturan terhadap UUV. Terlepas dari manfaat yang diberikan oleh UUV, negara harus merumuskan atau menyepakati status hukum UUV; serta mengatur pengoperasian UUV. Dengan demikian Kerjasama regional sangat perlu dilakukukan. Penelitian ini menggunaka metode penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hukum internasional secara eksplisit belum mengatur tentang status hukum UUV. Konvensi ini bahkan tidak konsisten dalam penggunaan terminology ‘ships’ dan ‘vessels’ serta tidak mendefinisikan kapal secara jelas. Sehingga menimbulkan permasalahan terutama dalam menentukan status hukum UUV, apakah UUV dapat dikategorikan sebagai kapal. Karakteristik UNCLOS 1982 sebagai ‘package-deals’ memungkinkan dilakukannya evolutionary interpretation yang dapat memasukkan kapal tanpa awak sebagai kapal yang dimaksud oleh UNCLOS 1982. Meskipun demikian, berkaitan dengan UUV, masih menimbulkan pro dan kontra. Apabila UUV dianggap sebagai kapal, apakah termasuk kapal peneliti atau kapal perang? Atau termasuk dalam other underwater vehicle yang dapat diasumsikan sama dengan kapal selam? Apakah dengan demikian UUV tunduk pada hak-hak pelayaran sebagaimana diatur dalam UNCLOS 1982.
The Protection and Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Practice of Indonesia Puspitawati, Dhiana; Wardana, Rangga Vandy
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) recognizes the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage found at sea by emphasizing preferential rights of the State of country of origin, the State of cultural origin, or the State of historical and archaeological origin. To preserve the rights of such States, the UNCLOS implicitly allows the removal of underwater cultural heritage upon prior approval from coastal States based on the State’s cooperation. On the other hand, the Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 (2001 UCH Convention) strictly prohibits any exploitation and commercialization of such cultural heritage and applies the in-situ preservation for underwater cultural heritage. This article aims to discuss the practice of Indonesia in regulating underwater cultural heritage found in Indonesian waters. This research found that Indonesia’s law allows the removal of underwater cultural heritage and made commercial salvage for underwater cultural heritage legal. In addition to this, with the enaction of the current Job Creation Law 2021, underwater cultural heritage is listed as one of the fields in which open-investment is applied. While Indonesia has national laws relating to cultural heritage, provisions on underwater cultural heritage is lacking. This article proposes a model that can be adopted by Indonesia in protecting and preserving underwater cultural heritage. It is argued that although Indonesia is not a party to UCH Convention 2001, it is a party to the UNCLOS and is binded to the provisions envisaged in it, which is to protect and preserve underwater cultural heritage.
Unmanned Underwater Vehicles and the Normative Gaps of UNCLOS 1982: A Functional and Evolutionary Interpretation Puspitawati, Dhiana; Susanto, Fransiska A.; Mohd Rusli, Mohd Hazmi; Wardana, Rangga Vandy
Jambura Law Review VOLUME 8 NO. 1 JANUARY 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33756/jlr.v1i1.33300

Abstract

The rapid development of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) presents a significant interpretative challenge to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), a treaty drafted for an era of manned maritime navigation. While UNCLOS regulates ships and warships in detail, it remains silent on autonomous underwater systems. This article addresses the central legal question of whether, and under what conditions, UUVs may be classified as ships or warships under the existing UNCLOS framework. The study adopts a doctrinal legal methodology based on functional interpretation and evolutionary treaty interpretation, informed by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and relevant state practice. Rather than treating technological novelty as a basis for exclusion, the analysis examines whether the functions performed by UUVs—such as navigation, military operations, and marine scientific research—allow their regulation within established UNCLOS categories. The article argues that the legal status of UUVs cannot be determined abstractly, but depends on their operational function and the maritime zone in which they operate. Normatively, the article clarifies the limits of interpretative adaptation under UNCLOS and highlights the risks of fragmented, interest-driven state practice. It concludes that functional and evolutionary interpretation can reduce legal uncertainty, but must be complemented by bilateral and regional cooperative frameworks, including codes of conduct, to ensure regulatory coherence.
Co-Authors Dhiana Puspitawati Mohd Rusli, Mohd Hazmi Riadhussyah, M Susanto, Fransiska A.