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All Journal Journal of Sharia (JOSH) Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Ongom, Trevor Graham
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Social Sciences

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Carbon Credits and Compliance: Assessing Indonesia’s Progress on Article 6.2 Implementation (2019–2023) Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
JOSH: Journal of Sharia Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): Vol. 04 No. 01 Januari 2025
Publisher : Universitas Sunan Drajat Lamongan, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55352/josh.v4i01.2106

Abstract

Indonesia is positioning itself as a key actor in international carbon markets under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, which enables the transfer of carbon credits through Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining policy analysis with emissions data from 2019 to 2023, to evaluate Indonesia’s readiness and progress in implementing Article 6.2. During this period, Indonesia’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions averaged 1,117.82 MtCO₂e, peaking at 1,200.20 MtCO₂e in 2023 well below the 2030 unconditional cap of 1,954.76 MtCO₂e and significantly lower than the Business-as-Usual (BAU) projection of 2,869 MtCO₂e. Despite this, a linear upward trend in annual emissions was observed, indicating that emissions are gradually increasing over time and may approach the target cap if not addressed. While policy frameworks such as Presidential Decree No. 98/2021 provide foundational support, Indonesia still faces technical and institutional capacity gaps. The findings suggest that although current emissions remain within target levels, the rising trend underscores the urgency for more robust and accelerated mitigation efforts to ensure long-term compliance with climate commitments.
Climate Commitments: Analyzing the Application of ITMO in Indonesia-South Korea Bilateral Relations Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.119

Abstract

This study explores the evolving dynamics of climate diplomacy between Indonesia and South Korea through the lens of multitrack diplomacy and green political theory, focusing on the implementation of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. As global climate commitments increasingly rely on cooperative market-based mechanisms, bilateral partnerships have emerged as crucial pathways for achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Indonesia and South Korea have developed an ambitious climate collaboration agenda that not only involves traditional government-to-government (Track 1) engagement but also incorporates non-state actors, including research institutions, business sectors, and civil society organizations that operate across multiple tracks of diplomacy. This article investigates how these diverse actors advance the ITMO cooperation and contribute to strengthening bilateral environmental relations. Drawing on secondary data and document analysis, this paper illustrates how the synergy between tracks creates an enabling environment for technology transfer, capacity building, and joint carbon-offset projects, positioning ITMOs as both a diplomatic instrument and a climate policy tool. Although the partnership is promising, challenges remain in harmonizing regulatory frameworks. The findings highlight the necessity of a comprehensive Multitrack Diplomacy approach to maximize cross-sectoral engagement in ITMO implementation, especially on a bilateral basis.
Co-Authors Danuwijaya, Try