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All Journal Papua Journal Of Diplomacy And International Relations Journal of Sharia (JOSH) Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Ongom, Trevor Graham
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Carbon Credits and Compliance: Assessing Indonesia’s Progress on Article 6.2 Implementation (2019–2023) Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
JOSH: Journal of Sharia Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): Vol. 04 No. 01 Januari 2025
Publisher : Universitas Sunan Drajat Lamongan, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55352/josh.v4i01.2106

Abstract

Indonesia is positioning itself as a key actor in international carbon markets under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, which enables the transfer of carbon credits through Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining policy analysis with emissions data from 2019 to 2023, to evaluate Indonesia’s readiness and progress in implementing Article 6.2. During this period, Indonesia’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions averaged 1,117.82 MtCO₂e, peaking at 1,200.20 MtCO₂e in 2023 well below the 2030 unconditional cap of 1,954.76 MtCO₂e and significantly lower than the Business-as-Usual (BAU) projection of 2,869 MtCO₂e. Despite this, a linear upward trend in annual emissions was observed, indicating that emissions are gradually increasing over time and may approach the target cap if not addressed. While policy frameworks such as Presidential Decree No. 98/2021 provide foundational support, Indonesia still faces technical and institutional capacity gaps. The findings suggest that although current emissions remain within target levels, the rising trend underscores the urgency for more robust and accelerated mitigation efforts to ensure long-term compliance with climate commitments.
Climate Commitments: Analyzing the Application of ITMO in Indonesia-South Korea Bilateral Relations Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.119

Abstract

This study explores the evolving dynamics of climate diplomacy between Indonesia and South Korea through the lens of multitrack diplomacy and green political theory, focusing on the implementation of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. As global climate commitments increasingly rely on cooperative market-based mechanisms, bilateral partnerships have emerged as crucial pathways for achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Indonesia and South Korea have developed an ambitious climate collaboration agenda that not only involves traditional government-to-government (Track 1) engagement but also incorporates non-state actors, including research institutions, business sectors, and civil society organizations that operate across multiple tracks of diplomacy. This article investigates how these diverse actors advance the ITMO cooperation and contribute to strengthening bilateral environmental relations. Drawing on secondary data and document analysis, this paper illustrates how the synergy between tracks creates an enabling environment for technology transfer, capacity building, and joint carbon-offset projects, positioning ITMOs as both a diplomatic instrument and a climate policy tool. Although the partnership is promising, challenges remain in harmonizing regulatory frameworks. The findings highlight the necessity of a comprehensive Multitrack Diplomacy approach to maximize cross-sectoral engagement in ITMO implementation, especially on a bilateral basis.
Cross – Border Identity and Cultural Hybridity among Border Communities in Jayapura – Vanimo Borderline Ongom, Trevor Graham; Ningrum, Etik Siswati; Handayani, Tri; Lodo, Ratzinger
Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Cenderawasih

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31957/pjdir.v6i1.5122

Abstract

This study examines how cultural interaction along the Jayapura–Vanimo frontier shapes cross-border identity and produces cultural hybridity. Using a qualitative, literature-based design, the research integrates border process theory, hybridity theory and Melanesian relational perspectives to interpret how everyday practices contribute to identity formation in this borderland. The analysis finds that mobility, reciprocal exchange, ritual participation, and kinship obligations create a relational environment that operates independently of the political boundary, demonstrating that identity is sustained through ongoing social interaction rather than administrative categorization. The study also finds that hybridity forms an organized configuration comprising ritual reciprocity, institutional blending, and expressive practices that enable residents to navigate both customary and state systems. This research contributes by demonstrating that relational obligation functions as the key mechanism linking cross border interaction in the Melanesian context to the resilience of hybrid identity, clarifying why cultural ties endure even in the face of policy shifts or mobility constraints. KEYWORDS Border Bnteraction; Cultural Hybridity; Identity Formation; Jayapura–Vanimo; Relational obligation
Co-Authors Lodo, Ratzinger Ningrum, Etik Siswati Tri Handayani Try Danuwijaya