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A Critical Analysis of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act: Toward Inclusive and Affirmative Legal Reform Tabassum, Nihal
Advances in Psychological Sciences and Applications Vol. 1 No. 02 (2025): Advances in Psychological Sciences and Applications
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56741/apsa.v1i02.1162

Abstract

This article critically examines the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 and its 2022 amendment bill, with a focus on the definitional gaps that hinder its effective implementation. Central to the critique is the Act's failure to provide a clear and inclusive definition of the term "transgender," resulting in legal ambiguity and inconsistent application. Despite its progressive intent, the legislation has faced backlash from segments of society, often conflating gender identity rights with debates around same-sex relationships and LGBTQ+ (individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) recognition. The study adopts analytical and descriptive legal methods to explore the constitutional implications of the Act, its reception within Pakistani society, and its impact on the transgender community's access to fundamental rights, including education, healthcare, employment, and political participation. The article further assesses challenges related to gender identity recognition, kinship, inheritance, and marriage, and argues for a more precise and inclusive legal framework. Ultimately, this study advocates for pragmatic reforms that ensure the legislation serves as a robust instrument for the protection and empowerment of transgender individuals in Pakistan.
The Invisible Burden: A Qualitative Study on the Emotional Well-being of Women Over 30 in Peshawar, Pakistan Naz, Samina; Tabassum, Nihal
Advances in Psychological Sciences and Applications Vol. 1 No. 03 (2025): Forthcoming Issue - Advances in Psychological Sciences and Applications
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56741/apsa.v1i03.1523

Abstract

The emotional well-being of women in traditional, patriarchal societies is often shaped by sociocultural pressures that differ significantly from Western contexts. This study explores the unique challenges faced by women over 30 in Peshawar, Pakistan, a city with strong Pashtun cultural norms. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 unmarried and married women aged 30-38. The findings reveal that the trajectory of psychological distress often begins at birth with a son-preference ideology, leading to restricted educational and career opportunities, limited personal autonomy, and sanctioned social control. A particularly significant finding is the prevalence of emotionally exploitative relationships, where male figures, often presented as friends or potential partners, leverage societal constraints to dominate and emotionally blackmail women, severely impacting their mental health. This control is framed within a discourse of religious and cultural propriety, creating intense internal conflict. The discussion highlights that these pressures systematically violate fundamental rights that are globally recognized, leading to chronic anxiety, depression, and a diminished sense of self-worth. The study concludes that the emotional well-being of these women is not merely a mental health issue but a direct consequence of structural inequality. It implies the need for culturally sensitive mental health interventions and robust policy frameworks that challenge the normative gender biases entrenched in the societal fabric.
Enjoyment or Mastery? A Critical Evidence-Based Analysis of Dominant Outcomes in Gamified Learning Tabassum, Nihal; Talha; Saeed, Ozal
Journal of Educational Technology Innovation and Applications Vol. 1 No. 03 (2025): Forthcoming Issue - Journal of Educational Technology Innovation and Applicati
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56741/jetia.v1i03.1697

Abstract

This study investigates whether enjoyment or knowledge mastery plays a more dominant role in gamified learning environments. Using a semantic search across 138 million academic papers and systematic screening criteria, we identified empirical studies that measured both engagement-related and learning-related outcomes. Results reveal a conditional and sequential pattern rather than a single dominant effect. Enjoyment consistently drives initial engagement, supported by strong intrinsic motivation indicators and short-term affective gains. In contrast, mastery emerges more gradually and depends on the alignment of game elements with cognitive learning processes. Studies using superficial elements (e.g., points, badges) reported weaker learning effects, whereas meaningful game mechanics (challenges, feedback, narrative) fostered deeper understanding and retention. Comparative analyses show that enjoyment functions as a motivational catalyst, but mastery becomes dominant only when implementation fidelity is high and pedagogical objectives remain central. These findings highlight that effective gamification requires purposeful design that channels enjoyment into sustained learning pathways.