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All Journal KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia Fullerene Journal of Chemistry Automotive Experiences
Batari, Nirmala Puteri
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Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Branch Extract from Pouteria campechiana (Sawo Walanda) Batari, Nirmala Puteri; Setyo Purnomo, Adi; Seviani, Winda
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025): August Edition
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2025.v11.i1.17792

Abstract

The objective of this research was to assess the antioxidant activity of branch extract (Pouteria campechiana) through analysis of bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. The sample was extracted through maceration, utilizing methanol as the solvent which produced a yield of 6.03 %. The quantity of phenolic constituents in the extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, with gallic acid as the standard, yielding a result of 195.22 mg GAE/g extract. The quantity of flavonoid constituents was determined using gallic acid as a standard resulting in a value of 830.5 mg QE/g extract. Antioxidant activity was tested using two methods, namely DPPH and ABTS. The results of the DPPH test showed an inhibition percentage of 91% with an IC50 value of 3,322 ppm, while the ABTS test showed an inhibition of 99% with an IC50 of 2,206 ppm at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. Based on these results, the Pouteria campechiana branch extract has very weak antioxidant activity, suggests a limited potential as natural bioactive compound source.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Castor Oil Methyl Ester Batari, Nirmala Puteri; Zetra, Yulfi; Burhan, R.Y. Perry; Firdhausya, Talitha Fitra; Firdausa, Yunita Alfiyati; Putri, Rizka Berliana
Jurnal Kimia Fullerene Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Fullerene Journal Of Chemistry
Publisher : Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37033/fjc.v10i2.751

Abstract

The increasing consumption of biodiesel has led to the continued development of biodiesel production using oils that do not compete with food, for example castor oil. This study aims to synthesize and characterize castor oil methyl ester (COME) as biodiesel. The FFA of castor oil is 0.66%, so that a transesterification reaction with methanol using a KOH catalyst can be carried out. The reaction was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The highest content of COME is methyl ricinoleate at 65.481%. followed by FFA at 0.4%, a cloud point of -9°C, a pour point of -18°C, and a density at 40°C of 887.2 kg/m3 which is in accordance with SNI. Thus, COME has the potential as a biodiesel candidate.
Synthesis of 2-Hidroxyethyl Ester (2-HEE) and 2-Hydroxypropyl Ester (2-HPE) from Castor Oil as Bioadditives to Improve the Cold Flow Characteristic of Biodiesel Zetra, Yulfi; Batari, Nirmala Puteri; Firdausya, Talitha Fitra; Firdausa, Yunita Alfiyati; Putri, Rizka Berliana; Burhan, R.Y. Perry; Kusumawati, Yuly
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Issue in Progress
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15860

Abstract

The utilization of biodiesel continues to increase along with the development of renewable energy. However, biodiesel tends to exhibit poorer cold flow properties compared to petroleum diesel. In this study, castor oil, a non-edible vegetable oil, was modified into 2-hydroxyethyl ester (2-HEE) and 2-hydroxypropyl ester (2-HPE) to improve the cold flow characteristic of biodiesel. The transesterification of 2-HEE and 2-HPE was carried out using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from castor oil with ethylene glycol (for 2-HEE) and propylene glycol (for 2-HPE), assisted by a K₂CO₃ catalyst at 150 °C, a mixing speed at 500 rpm, under a vacuum system. The optimum molar ratio of FAME to polyol was 1:10, yielding 69.63% for 2-HEE and 56.84% for 2-HPE. GC–MS analysis showed product abundances of 98.17% for 2-HEE (dominated by 2-hydroxyethyl ricinoleate at 77.4%) and 98.97% for 2-HPE (dominated by 2-hydroxypropyl ricinoleate at 77.9%). The addition of 2% v/v 2-HEE to biodiesel reduced the cloud point by 2.2 °C, the pour point by 3 °C, the flash point by 3 °C, and the density by 0.005 g/cm³, while increasing the kinematic viscosity by 0.21 cSt. Meanwhile, the addition of 2% v/v 2-HPE reduced the cloud point by 3.1 °C, the pour point by 4.3 °C, the flash point by 8 °C, and the density by 0.001 g/cm³, with an increase in kinematic viscosity of only 0.01 cSt. The 2-HPE compound showed superior performance as a bioadditive compared to 2-HEE in improving the cold flow characteristic of biodiesel without significantly altering its physical properties.
Co-Authors Firdausa, Yunita Alfiyati Firdausya, Talitha Fitra Firdhausya, Talitha Fitra Kusumawati, Yuly Putri, Rizka Berliana R.Y. Perry Burhan, R.Y. Perry Setyo Purnomo, Adi Seviani, Winda Zetra, Yulfi