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All Journal Automotive Experiences ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials
Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin
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Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Effect of Oxy-hydrogen Enrichment into Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsion Towards Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Saputro, Frendy Rian; Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin; Abdullah, Mohd Fareez Edzuan; Hong, Chungpyo; Ohtaka, Takeshi; Sipi, Aluyah; Yahya, Wira Jazair
ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials Vol 5, No 1 (2026): AJSEM: Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2026
Publisher : Bumi Publikasi Nusantara

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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the combined effect of water-in-biodiesel emulsions (WBE) and oxy-hydrogen (HHO) enrichment on diesel engine performance and emissions. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with B35 (35% biodiesel–65% diesel), WBE5 (5% water-in-biodiesel emulsion), and their HHO-enriched blends under 1–4 kW loads. Engine performance was assessed through brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), while emissions of NOx, CO, and CO₂ were measured. Results show that WBE5 reduced NOx emissions by up to 30.2% compared with B35 and improved BSFC by 6.2% and BTE by 8.4% at 2–3 kW loads. However, CO emissions increased by about 18% due to lower combustion temperatures. HHO enrichment improved BSFC and BTE at light loads (1–2 kW) by up to 2% and decreased CO emissions through enhanced oxidation, but its influence on NOx was minimal and diminished at higher loads. Overall, WBE–HHO dual-fuel operation provides partial advantages, particularly under light-to-medium loads, offering a feasible pathway toward cleaner and more efficient diesel engine operation without major modifications.
Real-Time Surfactant-Free Emulsification of Plastic-Derived Diesel Oil: Combustion and Emission Characteristics Prabowo, Wargiantoro; Yahya, Wira Jazair; Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin; Sugeng, Dhani Avianto; Anggoro, Trisno; Saputro, Frendy Rian; Rosyadi, Erlan
Automotive Experiences Vol 9 No 1 (2026): Issue in Progress
Publisher : Automotive Laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang in collaboration with Association of Indonesian Vocational Educators (AIVE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15504

Abstract

Plastic waste pyrolysis has emerged as a promising strategy for converting non-recyclable plastics into plastic-derived diesel oil (PDDO), providing a pathway for both waste valorization and alternative fuel production. However, the direct utilization of PDDO in diesel engines remains constrained by suboptimal combustion behaviour and elevated exhaust emissions. While real-time non-surfactant emulsion fuel supply systems (RTES) have been widely investigated for conventional diesel fuels, their application to PDDO has not yet been systematically evaluated in engine operation. This study presents the first implementation of a real-time non-surfactant emulsification system to generate surfactant-free water-in-PDDO emulsions containing 5–15% water by volume. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were experimentally assessed using a 4.5 kW single-cylinder compression-ignition generator at low and high loads. The results indicate that controlled water addition modifies combustion behaviour by improving spray atomization and secondary droplet breakup associated with micro-explosion phenomena. Among the tested blends, the 15% water emulsion (EPO15) provided the most balanced performance, improving brake thermal efficiency by 6.48% while reducing NOx emissions by up to 47.06% compared with the baseline fuel. Exhaust gas temperature was consistently reduced, without substantial deterioration in fuel consumption. These findings demonstrate that RTES can enhance the combustion and emission characteristics of PDDO, supporting its potential application in small-scale compression ignition engine systems.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Mohd Fareez Edzuan Anggoro, Trisno Hong, Chungpyo Ohtaka, Takeshi Prabowo, Wargiantoro Rosyadi, Erlan Saputro, Frendy Rian Sipi, Aluyah Sugeng, Dhani Avianto YAHYA, WIRA JAZAIR