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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials
YAHYA, WIRA JAZAIR
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Synergistic co-pyrolysis of Gracilaria waste and waste tires: Enhancing bio-oil quality through thermal and chemical bond optimization Masfuri, Imron; Mohamad, Shaza Eva; Sugeng, Dhani Avianto; Amdrullah, Apip; Yahya, Wira Jazair
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61202

Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy and sustainable waste management has prompted research into innovative conversion technologies. This study explored the co-pyrolysis of Gracilaria waste (GW) and waste tires (WT) as a potential approach to improving bio-oil quality by enhancing its hydrocarbon content and reducing oxygenated compounds. The novelty of this study lay in providing new mechanistic insights into the co-pyrolysis process by systematically analyzing the thermal degradation behavior and chemical bond evolution of GW-WT mixtures using a combination of TGA, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques. This detailed chemical transformation analysis differentiated the study from prior research that primarily focused on product yields. The study analyzed the thermal degradation behavior and chemical bond transformation of GW and WT mixtures during pyrolysis, hypothesizing that the addition of WT to GW would enhance the hydrocarbon profile and thermal stability of the resulting bio-oil. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to evaluate the decomposition behavior of five different GW-WT blend ratios under an inert atmosphere, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosco py (FTIR) was used to assess chemical functional group evolution in both raw materials and pyrolytic products. The results revealed that GW pyrolysis exhibited a single weight loss peak (100–350°C) with a total weight loss of 40%, while WT pyrolysis followed a two-stage decomposition process (200–500°C) with a total weight loss of 65%. The GW-WT mixture resulted in a total weight loss of approximately 60%, indicating a synergistic effect between the two feedstocks. FTIR analysis confirmed a reduction in hydroxyl (-OH) groups and an increase in hydrocarbon-related bonds (C=C, C-C, and C-H), demonstrating improved bio-oil composition. These findings suggested that incorporating waste tires into Gracilaria pyrolysis enhanced bio-oil quality and hydrocarbon content, offering a promising approach for biomass valorization and sustainable energy production. Future research should explore process optimization through catalyst integration and scale-up potential for industrial applications.
Effect of Oxy-hydrogen Enrichment into Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsion Towards Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Saputro, Frendy Rian; Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin; Abdullah, Mohd Fareez Edzuan; Hong, Chungpyo; Ohtaka, Takeshi; Sipi, Aluyah; Yahya, Wira Jazair
ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (ONLINE FIRST) AJSEM: Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2026
Publisher : Bumi Publikasi Nusantara

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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the combined effect of water-in-biodiesel emulsions (WBE) and oxy-hydrogen (HHO) enrichment on diesel engine performance and emissions. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with B35 (35% biodiesel–65% diesel), WBE5 (5% water-in-biodiesel emulsion), and their HHO-enriched blends under 1–4 kW loads. Engine performance was assessed through brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), while emissions of NOx, CO, and CO₂ were measured. Results show that WBE5 reduced NOx emissions by up to 30.2% compared with B35 and improved BSFC by 6.2% and BTE by 8.4% at 2–3 kW loads. However, CO emissions increased by about 18% due to lower combustion temperatures. HHO enrichment improved BSFC and BTE at light loads (1–2 kW) by up to 2% and decreased CO emissions through enhanced oxidation, but its influence on NOx was minimal and diminished at higher loads. Overall, WBE–HHO dual-fuel operation provides partial advantages, particularly under light-to-medium loads, offering a feasible pathway toward cleaner and more efficient diesel engine operation without major modifications.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Mohd Fareez Edzuan Amdrullah, Apip Hong, Chungpyo Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin Masfuri, Imron Mohamad, Shaza Eva Ohtaka, Takeshi Saputro, Frendy Rian Sipi, Aluyah Sugeng, Dhani Avianto