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All Journal Automotive Experiences International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Do, Tan-Thich
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Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Techno-economic assessment and strategic proposal for designing and optimizing the required powered battery for an electric motorcycle under varying driving cycle tests Do, Tan-Thich; Dinh, Tan-Ngoc; Ly, Vinh-Dat
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 6 (2025): November 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61561

Abstract

Recently, many countries have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, making the adoption of electric motorcycles increasingly significant. The expansion of electric motorcycles has gained popularity due to their affordability, ease of use, and environmental benefits. In the design of electric motorcycles, optimizing energy efficiency and economic viability both technologically and economically is a key consideration. This study focuses on developing a mathematical model and strategic proposal with the step-by-step calculation for determining the required power battery for electric motorcycles under various driving cycle tests, implemented using Matlab software. The results analyze and discuss the effects of operating conditions on the electric motorcycle’s dynamic performance, average energy consumption, and battery cell and pack characteristics. Ultimately, the battery pack optimization strategy was proposed and conducted using the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach. As a result, the Toshiba battery trademark was identified as the optimal choice for the required power battery in the electric motorcycle, considering both technological effectiveness and economic factors. The Toshiba battery pack has a capacity of 39 Ah, 17 cells, a mass of 13.94 kg, and a cost of $459, respectively. After designing and optimizing the required battery pack for the electric motorcycle, the model was validated to ensure that the pack’s energy exceeds the average energy consumption under varying driving cycle tests. Therefore, the model demonstrates high reliability. This study provides valuable insights into designing and evaluating the dynamic performance and battery pack characteristics of electric motorcycles.
Optimization of energy efficiency and purge strategy of an open-cathode PEMFC stack with a dead-end anode configuration Do, Tan-Thich; Vi, Trung-Kien; Doan, Phuoc-Dong
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62153

Abstract

Nowadays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are acknowledged as promising energy solutions toward reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 due to their highlighted properties, such as high energy efficiency, high power density, low operating temperature, fast start-up, and zero emissions. To enhance electrochemical reactions and improve hydrogen utilization, the dead-end anode (DEA) configuration was employed to investigate the voltage and energy efficiency of an open-cathode PEMFC stack (100 W-20 cells) at optimal fan speed under varying purge intervals and operating current load levels with the step-by-step method. The hydrogen purge operation optimization was proposed by fitting experimental data and deriving the governing equation, considering voltage stability and hydrogen consumption. The results show that when the operating current and purge interval increased, the stack voltage decreased owing to impurities, water, and nitrogen buildup in the flow field anode channel. At optimal purge intervals of 540, 360, 280, and 60 s, the energy efficiency was achieved at 45.55%, 45.31%, 43.11%, and 35.05%, respectively. Compared to a previous study, these values represent increases of 25.22%, 12.91%, 9.15%, and 2.09% for operating currents of 1, 3, 5, and 8 A, respectively. These improvements were achieved by optimizing the fan speed, purge interval, and microcontroller unit power consumption. At a low load level of 1 A, the voltage decay rate decreased from 0.45 mV s−1 to 0.07 mV s−1, allowing for stable cell performance and higher hydrogen utilization at longer purging intervals. However, at higher load levels, both the voltage change of the stack and the voltage decay rate of the stack increased significantly compared to the 1 A case, with a steeper slope corresponding to higher current levels. This indicated that at higher reaction rates, the amount of water generated from the oxygen reduction reaction increases significantly. Consequently, the back diffusion phenomenon from the cathode to the anode, along with nitrogen buildup, leads to adverse conditions such as anode channel flooding and fuel starvation. This study provides meaningful insights into optimizing the energy efficiency of open-cathode PEMFC stacks across various load levels and purge operations.
Modeling, Simulation, and Assessment of Electric Motorcycle and Battery Characteristics under the Driving Cycle Test Do, Tan-Thich; Dinh, Tan-Ngoc; Ly, Vinh-Dat
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Issue in Progress
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14012

Abstract

Global warming, increasing temperatures, and air pollution have become significant challenges in the past decade due to traditional emissions. Therefore, using green energy, especially electric vehicles and electric motorcycles, is the key solution to protecting the environment. Electric motorcycles are widely used in many countries due to their convenience, ease of use, and flexibility. Thus, modeling and simulating electric motorcycles are crucial for accurately calculating and designing the battery pack energy requirements. In this study, electric motorcycles were modeled and simulated to investigate energy characteristics under driving cycle test using Matlab/Simulink software. The results show the electric motorcycle dynamics and energy consumption, the influence of electric motorcycle mass, aerodynamic drag, the quality of the road, road slope angle on the electric motor power, and operating ambient temperature on the battery behavior in the heat generation. In addition, the characteristics of batteries and suitability for selecting of battery required power were compared under various batteries and proposed the best battery for the electric motorcycle. The battery trademark of the A123 (pouch) model was selected as the most suitable for the required battery pack owing to superior characteristics compared to other batteries, with the insight characteristics of high capacity of 19.5 Ah, continuous current of 19.5 A, mass of battery pack of 9.45 kg, and number of cells of 19, with total average energy consumption of 28.23 Wh km−1. This study is significant for the design and precise calculation of the battery's required power for new electric motorcycles.
Mathematical model to evaluate the effect of key operating conditions on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance Do, Tan-Thich; Vi, Trung-Kien; Pham, Cong-Son
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62184

Abstract

Nowadays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are regarded as a promising energy source for future applications due to their high power density, high efficiency, relatively low operating temperature, fast start-up capability, and zero emissions. During PEMFC operation, performance is influenced by numerous factors. Therefore, developing a mathematical model to evaluate the effects of key operating conditions on PEMFC performance and energy efficiency is both necessary and significant in the field of fuel cells. In this study, a mathematical model was developed using MATLAB/Simulink and subsequently validated through a series of experiments to assess its accuracy. The results demonstrate that PEMFC performance is strongly affected by operating conditions, including operating temperature, operating pressure, membrane thickness, cathode gas type, cell active area, and the number of cells in the stack. In addition, water, heat generation, energy efficiency, and gas consumption were also considered in the model. The findings indicate that operating temperature and pressure are the most influential parameters affecting PEMFC performance and energy efficiency. When the operating temperature increased, the cell performance improved due to enhanced electrochemical reaction kinetics and improved electrical conductivity. However, when the PEMFC operates at temperatures above 70 oC, a deterioration in performance is observed. This behavior can be attributed to membrane dehydration at elevated temperatures, which reduces proton conductivity and, consequently, lowers the output cell voltage. Increasing pressure reduces membrane resistance and interface contact resistance, leading to a decrease in voltage losses and an improvement in cell voltage. At a current density of 0.5 A cm−2, the cell voltages are 0.550, 0.559, 0.564, 0.568, 0.571, and 0.574 V for anode operating pressures of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 atm, respectively. Overall, this study provides a reliable and precise tool for predicting PEMFC performance under varying operating conditions.
Co-Authors Dinh, Tan-Ngoc Doan, Phuoc-Dong Ly, Vinh-Dat Pham, Cong-Son Vi, Trung-Kien