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Techno-economic assessment and strategic proposal for designing and optimizing the required powered battery for an electric motorcycle under varying driving cycle tests Do, Tan-Thich; Dinh, Tan-Ngoc; Ly, Vinh-Dat
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 6 (2025): November 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61561

Abstract

Recently, many countries have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, making the adoption of electric motorcycles increasingly significant. The expansion of electric motorcycles has gained popularity due to their affordability, ease of use, and environmental benefits. In the design of electric motorcycles, optimizing energy efficiency and economic viability both technologically and economically is a key consideration. This study focuses on developing a mathematical model and strategic proposal with the step-by-step calculation for determining the required power battery for electric motorcycles under various driving cycle tests, implemented using Matlab software. The results analyze and discuss the effects of operating conditions on the electric motorcycle’s dynamic performance, average energy consumption, and battery cell and pack characteristics. Ultimately, the battery pack optimization strategy was proposed and conducted using the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach. As a result, the Toshiba battery trademark was identified as the optimal choice for the required power battery in the electric motorcycle, considering both technological effectiveness and economic factors. The Toshiba battery pack has a capacity of 39 Ah, 17 cells, a mass of 13.94 kg, and a cost of $459, respectively. After designing and optimizing the required battery pack for the electric motorcycle, the model was validated to ensure that the pack’s energy exceeds the average energy consumption under varying driving cycle tests. Therefore, the model demonstrates high reliability. This study provides valuable insights into designing and evaluating the dynamic performance and battery pack characteristics of electric motorcycles.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance: A One-Dimensional Mathematical Model Applied to an Electric Motorcycle Do, Tan-Thich; Vi, Trung-Kien
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16149

Abstract

The performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is strongly influenced by its operating conditions. In this study, a one-dimensional (1-D) mathematical model is developed to investigate PEMFC performance while explicitly accounting for water transport within the fuel cell during operation. The results demonstrate that the cell output performance is significantly affected by key operating parameters, including operating temperature, operating pressure, membrane thickness, exchange current density, and charge transfer coefficient. In addition, gas species transport and water management are incorporated into the model. The developed model is further applied to evaluate and analyze the dynamic performance characteristics of a hydrogen fuel cell electric motorcycle, including hydrogen consumption, water generation, and energy efficiency under the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC). This study provides a meaningful framework for predicting and designing the dynamic performance of hydrogen fuel cell electric motorcycles under realistic operating conditions.