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All Journal International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET) Bulletin of Engineering Science, Technology and Industry
Khalid Bashir
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

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HUMAYUN’S EXILE: A STUDY OF REFUGEE POLITICS IN EARLY MODERN EMPIRES Khalid Bashir; Ishfaq Ahmad Mir
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 3 No. 11 (2024): OCTOBER
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijset.v3i11.607

Abstract

Humayun, the second emperor of the Mughal dynasty, seems a rich case study on the politics of exile and survival strategies in early modern empires. His role as a refugee king throws much light on the intricacies of power play, diplomatic maneuvers, and changing loyalties in the South and Central Asian political scenario of the 16th century. In the backdrop of early modern refugee politics, to which the exile of Humayun belongs, an explication from a multiple perspective into its broader context will be done on the basis of how displaced rulers sought refuge, negotiated power, and redefined their political strategies to regain lost thrones in the following chapters. A sensitive equation of politics and ambition among early modern rulers is illuminated through Humayun's flight to Persia after he lost his kingdom to Sher Shah Suri. Critical support he was able to receive from the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp proved crucial for the reviving of his empire as well as vindicating the element of inter-imperial alliances in ensuring the survival of displaced monarchs. The exile of Humayun also speaks of the impermanence of imperial frontiers and religious identity in shaping political ties, as his relations with the Shi'a Safavid approximately correspond to his Sunni heritage. This paper further explores the human cost of Humayun's exile by examining how it developed his political theory, military tactics, and led to Mughal restoration of power. Situating Humayun's exile in the broad framework of early modern refugee politics, this paper uncovers the negotiations of power through exile, in which refuge indeed became a political currency, and the displaced ruler navigated webs of loyalty and intrigue in an attempt to regain authority. In the end, the story of Humayun underscores the strength of such worked-out migrant patients and the intricately knitted political webs they played their game through in the attempt to regain power in early empires.
Engineering Hydraulics: The Delhi Sultanate's Development of Irrigation Techniques and Water Management Systems Khalid Bashir; Ishfaq Ahmad Mir; Irshad Ahmad Lone
Bulletin of Engineering Science, Technology and Industry Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025): December
Publisher : PT. Radja Intercontinental Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59733/besti.v3i3.136

Abstract

India saw tremendous socioeconomic change under the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE), which was characterized by important developments in irrigation and water management systems. The agrarian economy that formed the foundation of the Sultanate's fiscal system depended heavily on these processes, which are still little understood in historical research. In order to overcome a variety of climatic obstacles, the kings used creative hydraulic engineering techniques, such as building wells, tanks, and canals and incorporating water technology from Central Asia and Persia. The present research looks at the Delhi Sultanate's many contributions to water management, including the technical aspects of their irrigation systems, their socio-political ramifications, and their lasting influence on the sociocultural and agricultural landscapes of the Indian subcontinent. The study intends to provide a comprehensive knowledge of how these hydraulic innovations affected agricultural production, income creation, and community involvement during this pivotal time through this approach.
IDEOLOGY OF BHAGAT SINGH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA'S FREEDOM STRUGGLE Khalid Bashir; Ishfaq Ahmad Mir
International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): April
Publisher : CV. Radja Publika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijebas.v4i2.1585

Abstract

Bhagat Singh, a prominent freedom fighter and revolutionary from India, played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. His ideology was shaped by a deep sense of patriotism, a firm belief in socialism, and a desire for social equality and justice. This research paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of Bhagat Singh's ideology, with a special focus on its relevance to India's freedom struggle. It explores the key principles of Bhagat Singh's ideology, his motivations, and the impact of his ideas on the Indian freedom movement. Additionally, this paper examines Bhagat Singh's contributions to the anti-colonial struggle, his methods of protest, and the legacy he left behind as a martyr for the cause of Indian independence.
THE IMPACT OF BABUR'S RELATIONS WITH TRIBES ON MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION: AN EXPERT ANALYSIS Khalid Bashir; Ishfaq Ahmad Mir
International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) Vol. 4 No. 5 (2024): October
Publisher : CV. Radja Publika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijebas.v4i5.2071

Abstract

This paper proffers an expert evaluation of Babur's complex relationships with the diverse tribal communities of the subcontinent in the early years of the Mughal Empire. It shows, through a focus on Babur's governance structures, that he instead navigated a politically partitioned landscape characterized by alliances between tribal leaders and the consolidating of his own power. His diplomacy and military acumen were not tactical exercises but part of his state-building efforts - a delicate balance between autonomy to tribal people and the need for centralized authority. The paper discusses that Babur's acknowledgment of local power structures and imperial ambitions really laid down the ground for the early stability of the Mughal Empire. His strategic engagement with tribal leaders not only stabilized his reign but also set the basis for administrative reforms and innovations developed by his successors. This study underlines Babur's political acumen, reminding the reader that his dealings with tribal elements played a central role in forging the early Mughal state. His policies of strategic balancing of tribal autonomy with imperial goals proved pivotal in navigating the fractured landscape of the subcontinent. The analysis here gives a nuanced view of how, during his reign, he uniquely presented state formation in such a way that led to the long influence and eventual consolidation of the Mughal Empire, one of South Asia's most powerful and enduring empires.
RESISTANCE AND REBELLION: TRIBAL RESPONSES TO BABUR'S RULE Khalid Bashir; Ishfaq Ahmad Mir
International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) Vol. 4 No. 5 (2024): October
Publisher : CV. Radja Publika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijebas.v4i5.2100

Abstract

The paper, "Resistance and Rebellion: Tribal Responses to Babur's Rule," provides an insightful look into the most formidable and multi-dimensional challenges for the founder of the Mughal Empire, Babur, in consolidating power over the Indian subcontinent. Tribal responses emerged with the fiercest opposition from various tribes in the form of mounting resistances and rebellions against Babur for the continuation of their independence, traditional customs, and economic power. Some of the causes of tribal resistance include the desire for sovereign existence and cultural identity and even economic and religious reasons. During the early 16th century, the Indian subcontinent comprised separate tribal polities, exercising their range of independence under regional chieftains. Territories within such regions as northwest India and Rajasthan and central India were governed by tribes like the Afghans, Rajputs, Bhils, and Gonds. Their military and political power was an intense counter force to Babur's centralized Mughal state. The most significant uprisings were by Rana Sanga amongst the Rajputs. Afghan tribes in the east launched multiple uprisings to assert their independence. The native people in central India used their strategic locations effectively to resist Babur's advances. This essay seeks to analyze the various dimensions of rebellion and strategic steps that Babur undertakes, ranging from military campaigns to diplomatic efforts and even tribal chiefs entering into his administration. Military subjugation was the very necessity, but Babur's input of assimilating tribal elites through land assignments and other titles also played a crucial role in consolidating his power.These tactics emerged only to suppress the immediate resistance and laid the bases for more sophisticated practices under his successors for the Mughal Empire. This book explores major tribal uprisings and their relevance by showing how such resistance took shape in the political and administrative geography of the early Mughal Empire, and situates this within broader socio-political dynamics in the context of how deep-rooted tribalism was an autonomous nature in early Mughal India.
Co-Authors Irshad Ahmad Lone Ishfaq Ahmad Mir