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All Journal Dynamics of Rural Society Journal
Oladele, Oladimeji I.
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Social Sciences

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Determinants of willingness and actual participation in cocoa certification programs in Sierra Leone: Farmers and officers’ perspectives Oladele, Oladimeji I.; Ngegba, Mohamed P.; Amara, Augustine; Sannoh, Bockarie I.
Dynamics of Rural Society Journal Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Dynamics of Rural Society Journal
Publisher : Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Gorontalo State University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37905/drsj.v4i1.97

Abstract

This study addresses an important yet underexplored issue in agricultural development—distinguishing between willingness and actual participation in certification programs. This makes the research highly relevant for both policy and practice. The aim of the study is to investigate the factors influencing both farmers' and certification officers' willingness and actual involvement in cocoa certification initiatives in Sierra Leone. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the Kailahun District and the Kissi Tongi Chiefdom. Twenty cocoa farmers were randomly selected from each of the ten cocoa-producing communities in the chiefdom, resulting in a total sample size of 200 farmers. Thirty certification officers were also randomly chosen from the study area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, validated by experts, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29. Multiple linear regression, frequency counts, percentages, and Probit analysis were employed. The study’s results show that ethnicity (t = -3.01, p < 0.003), marital status (t = 1.81, p < 0.07), religion (t = 3.13, p < 0.002), and income (t = -6.26, p < 0.00) are factors that influence willingness to participate, while limitations on extension services (t = 1.86, p < 0.06), educational attainment (t = 3.69, p < 0.00), and extension service participation (t = 1.96, p < 0.05) are factors affecting actual participation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that while technological factors determine actual involvement, significant sociocultural factors influence willingness to participate.
Disaggregating household food insecurity access scale indicators based on climate change impacts among smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa Oladele, Oladimeji I.; Patekile, Nomcebo
Dynamics of Rural Society Journal Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Dynamics of Rural Society Journal
Publisher : Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Gorontalo State University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37905/drsj.v4i2.98

Abstract

The growing threat of climate change has worsened food insecurity worldwide, particularly for smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa. This study aims to compare the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) indicators before and after the impacts of climate change on smallholder farmers in KZN in 2024. A systematic sampling approach, combined with a descriptive study design, was employed to select sixty farmers. Data on personal characteristics and HFIAS were collected, subjected to face validity and reliability tests, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29, with frequency counts, percentages, and paired sample t-tests. The comparison of food security before and after the effects of climate change shows a significant difference (t = -6.70, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that climate change exacerbates food insecurity, particularly affecting elements such as food availability, access, perception, and insecurity prevalence. The study concludes that climate change has worsened food insecurity on smallholder farms, particularly by increasing dependence on purchased food. The policy implications emphasize areas that need targeted interventions, driven by increased indicators of food availability, access, perception, and insecurity following the onset of climate change. The study recommends strategies to enhance farmers' resilience, including expanding access to climate-smart agricultural technologies and extending agricultural extension services.
Co-Authors Amara, Augustine Ngegba, Mohamed P. Patekile, Nomcebo Sannoh, Bockarie I.