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All Journal Proceeding of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology Journal of Law and Legal Reform
Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha
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Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Transforming Democratic Policing in the Digital Era for Law Enforcement Accountability in Indonesia Sandiya, Idris; Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha; Yuliatiningtyas, Solikhah
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 4 (2025): October, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i4.30554

Abstract

The phenomenon of “No Viral No Justice” illustrates how legal justice is increasingly shaped by social media exposure, where only viral cases tend to receive serious attention from law enforcement agencies. This article analyzes the relationship between social media virality and the concept of Democratic Policing (DP), introducing a new conceptual framework termed Digital Democratic Policing (DDP). Through a literature review of 18 scientific journal articles, this study integrates five primary theories: (1) Social Movement Theory, (2) Public Sentiment Analysis, (3) Media Exposure Theory, (4) A Theory of Justice, and (5) Democratic Policing. The findings indicate that digitalization has enhanced DP practices by making them more transparent, participatory, and open to public scrutiny. However, digitalization also creates challenges, including trial by social media and the spread of disinformation. Within this context, the DDP framework is positioned not only as a response to the digital era but also as a medium for legal reform, emphasizing technology-based transparency, public participation in digital spaces, and accountable police governance. By embedding DDP into broader law enforcement reforms, policing can move beyond reactive measures toward a proactive system that restores legal certainty and strengthens democratic legitimacy. This study expands the scope of DP research into the digital domain and recommends adaptive policing policies grounded in justice, democracy, and reform-oriented practices. Generally, the DP approach shifts law enforcement from a coercive model to one that is collaborative and responsive, where legal legitimacy is primarily built upon public trust, forming the core of democratic security systems.
Defense Budget Gaps and Legal Implications of Alternative Financing in Indonesia: A Legal Reform Perspective Marsudiyanto, Aris; Subroto , Athor; Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri; Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 5 No. 4 (2024): Contemporary Issues on Law Reform in Indonesia and Global Context
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v5i4.18076

Abstract

This paper examines the critical defense budget gap in Indonesia, which has become a pressing issue over the past decade. With global challenges, particularly the escalating wars in the Middle East, Indonesia faces growing security concerns that necessitate a stronger defense program. However, the country’s defense budget allocation, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 percent of GDP, remains insufficient to meet the required defense expenditures. Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approach, we predict future budget availability and compare it with the projected defense needs, revealing a significant gap. To address this, the paper explores alternative financing mechanisms, such as optimizing military assets, enhancing the defense industry, leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), and integrating these strategies. The urgency of addressing this funding shortfall is heightened by Indonesia’s need for robust defense capabilities in an increasingly unstable geopolitical environment. This study’s novelty lies in analyzing the legal implications of these alternative financing options, an area that has received limited attention in defense policy discourse. It critically examines the legal challenges posed by these financing mechanisms, particularly in relation to Indonesia’s existing laws, including Law No. 17 of 2003 on State Finances, Law No. 3 of 2002 on National Defense, and various regulations governing defense industry and national security. The paper’s contribution lies in offering a comprehensive legal analysis of alternative financing in Indonesia’s defense sector, proposing necessary legal reforms to facilitate these strategies. By providing policy recommendations, this study aims to inform lawmakers, defense planners, and legal scholars about the complexities and potential solutions to closing Indonesia’s defense budget gap while ensuring compliance with national legal frameworks.
Fiscal Resilience and Defense Financing Innovation for Sustainable National Security Post Ukraine–Russia War Marsudiyanto, Aris; Subroto, Athor; Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri; Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha
Proceedings of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology Vol. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Global geopolitical escalation following the Ukraine–Russia conflict intensifies fiscal and security pressures across many regions, including Indonesia. Long-horizon macroeconomic evaluation demonstrates persistent structural limitations marked by slow revenue elasticity, recurring deficits, exchange-rate exposure, and rising debt-service commitments, all of which reduce flexibility for long-term defense modernization. Geopolitical disturbances amplify those constraints through elevated global military expenditure, higher procurement costs, and expanding cyber, maritime, and hybrid threats within the Indo-Pacific region. Sectoral vulnerabilities further weaken strategic readiness, particularly due to import dependency, limited domestic industrial capability, and increasing operational expenditure. Institutional rigidity also limits adoption of innovative financing mechanisms capable of supporting multi-source and multi-year commitments. Integrated analysis indicates the need for diversified financing pathways that reduce exposure to external shocks and enhance the predictability of defense investment. Potential strategies include defense-industry reinvestment, public-asset monetization, public–private partnerships, and hybrid financing frameworks aligned with long-term capability requirements. Sustainable security therefore depends on structural fiscal reform, institutional modernization, and coordinated integration of fiscal, security, and industrial policy to strengthen Indonesia’s strategic resilience in an increasingly volatile geopolitical landscape.
Co-Authors Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri Marsudiyanto, Aris Sandiya, Idris Subroto, Athor Yuliatiningtyas, Solikhah