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All Journal IJOG : Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Civil Engineering Journal AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation
Musta, Baba
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Earth & Planetary Sciences

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Subsurface Mapping and Geotechnical Design for Landslide Mitigation Hasan, Muhammad Fathur Rouf; Susilo, Adi; Sutan Haji, Alexander T.; Suryo, Eko Andi; Agung, P. A. Maha; Idmi, Mohammad Habibiy; Musta, Baba
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-015

Abstract

The landslide near the PT Molindo Incinerator Unit poses a significant threat to the facility’s structural integrity. Without immediate mitigation measures, the incinerator building is at risk of collapse, potentially impacting adjacent settlements due to cascading structural failures. To reduce the risk of further instability, urgent geophysical investigation is required to characterize the subsurface lithology and assess the groundwater table conditions. A geoelectrical resistivity survey was conducted using the Schlumberger configuration across 8 measurement points along a 100-meter survey line, with 10-meter electrode spacing. The resistivity measurements ranged from 3.30 to 25 Ωm, which were interpreted as clay-rich layers; 26 to 167 Ωm, corresponding to sandy clay; and 167 to 15,944 Ωm, indicating bedrock. The potential slip zone is interpreted at an average depth of 20 to 25 meters, indicated by very low resistivity values with resistivity values between 3.30 and 25 Ωm. Field observations confirmed that the landslide materials predominantly consisted of clay soils, distributed within two distinct layers beneath the incinerator unit. The combined depth of the clay and overlying sandy layers was estimated to reach approximately 20-25 meters from the ground surface. To ensure the effectiveness of structural mitigation, a retaining wall must be designed to extend beyond this depth threshold. Numerical simulations using Slope/W software indicated that soil nailing techniques yielded safety factors ranging from 1.32 to 1.81 under static conditions and 1.22 to 1.43 under dynamic conditions. Predicted deformations ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 meters (static) and 0.02 to 0.03 meters (dynamic). These results suggest that soil nailing is a viable reinforcement method to stabilize slope movements, particularly during periods of high rainfall. Additional recommended mitigation strategies include the installation of surface and subsurface drainage systems to control water flow, constructing retaining structures to serve as physical barriers to soil movement, and using vegetative cover to enhance slope stability.
Micron to Nano Au Particles Incorporation in Different Stages of Pyrite, in Bau, Sarawak, Malaysia Sundarrajan, Vijay Anand; Marjon, Carolin Nicole; Musta, Baba
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 12 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.12.1.89-103

Abstract

In eastern Malaysia, Bau is the significant sediment hosted gold deposit (SHG), and Sarawak Province was the main gold (Au) producer in East Malaysia. The annual production rate was approximately 40 ̶ 50 metric tons of Au (high grade). The Bau mining is located 40 km SW of Kuching City, Sarawak. For the present study, around twenty-five samples were collected in the Au mineralized zones of Bau areas. The polished thin sections were prepared for mineral chemistry and fluid petrography analyses. The samples were studied through transmission microscope, Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA), and fluid inclusion studies. From ore petrography, four stages of pyrite were classified. The first generation of pyrite is the early stage of diagenetic pyrite (Py1), Py2 is subeuhedral pyrite, Py3 is zoned pyrite, and Py4 is post-diagenetic pyrite. The mineral chemistry of different stages of pyrite was measured through EPMA. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of these trace elements in pyrite have decreased pre-diagenetic and post diagenetic stages. The precipitation of Au in the main stages of pyrite was mainly controlled by pyrite structure, fluid ligands, and the temperature of crystallization.
A Hybrid Ensemble Framework for Probabilistic Earthquake Forecasting in Northern California in Support of SDG 11: Sustainable and Resilient Cities Madlazim, Madlazim; Musta, Baba; Doyan, Aris; Susilo, Adi; Rehman, Khaista
AMPLITUDO : Journal of Science and Technology Innovation Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/amplitudo.v5i1.496

Abstract

Forecasting earthquakes is still one of the most difficult problems in geophysics, mainly because seismic activity is irregular and often influenced by many factors that interact in complex ways. In this study, we develop a leakage-controlled hybrid ensemble model that combines CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting to predict five earthquake parameters: magnitude, depth, latitude, longitude, and a scaled inter-event interval in Northern California. These models were trained using USGS earthquake data ranging from 1900 to 2025 (M ≥ 4.0), with a process designed to prevent time leakage through strict time separation, a moving window feature, and prospective validation. Overall, the hybrid models produced consistently low MAE and RMSE values ​​and very high R² values ​​(above 0.99) for all target variables. While the estimates performed impressively, the results should be interpreted in a probabilistic context, with recognition of the inherent uncertainty of seismic processes. The framework proposed here provides a clear and replicable approach that can support the development of systems for more reliable short-term earthquake forecasting
Outlier Identification Techniques in Daily Rainfall Data Sudirman, Sudirman; Irfan, Muhammad; Supari, Supari; Musta, Baba; Dzakiya, Nurul
AMPLITUDO : Journal of Science and Technology Innovation Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/amplitudo.v5i1.554

Abstract

A quality test was conducted on daily rainfall data in the Sumatra region to select good data. The data used came from 19 observation stations belonging to the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) spread across the Aceh-Lampung provinces from early 1985 to late 2023. The quality test aims to ensure data reliability, consistency, and validity. Daily rainfall data often face issues such as missing data, unrealistic extreme values, and recording discrepancies, which can reduce the accuracy of climate analysis. The quality test examined data completeness and outliers using the interquartile range. The quality test results showed a data completeness level of 93%, thus declaring the data valid. Outliers were identified in small amounts (<1%) for very high rainfall intensity at the Minangkabau meteorological station in West Sumatra (470 mm/day), the Bengkulu climatological station (400 mm/day), the FL Tobing meteorological station in North Sumatra (430 mm/day), the Fatmawati Soekarno meteorological station in Bengkulu (390 mm/day), the West Sumatra climatological station (320 mm/day), the South Sumatra climatological station (230 mm/day), and the Radin Intan II meteorological station in Lampung (265 mm/day). These values ​​were not removed from the analysis because they passed the data quality test and represented meteorologically realistic extreme rainfall events. The results of the evaluation of daily rainfall data in Sumatra during the study were representative and reliable enough to be used in further climatological analysis.
Co-Authors Adi Susilo Agung, P. A. Maha Aris Doyan Dzakiya, Nurul Eko Andi Suryo Idmi, Mohammad Habibiy Madlazim Madlazim Marjon, Carolin Nicole Muhammad Fathur Rouf Hasan Muhammad Irfan Rehman, Khaista Sudirman Sudirman Sundarrajan, Vijay Anand Supari Supari, Supari Sutan Haji, Alexander T.