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All Journal International Journal of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences (IJETS) Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry
Ibrahim, Haruna
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Simplified Thermal Catalytic Pathway for 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Non-Food Biomass Ibrahim, Haruna; Ali, Abubakar M.; Moroto, Yusuf H.; Muazu, Engr Ibrahim
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): October
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v2i2.549

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable solvents and bio-based chemicals has heightened interest in renewable alternatives to petroleum-derived compounds. This study demonstrates an efficient and eco-friendly route for producing 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) from Gmelina arborea leaves, a widely available lignocellulosic biomass. Thermal hydrolysis was conducted at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure using barium chloride as a low-cost catalyst. The reaction pathway proceeds through hemicellulose depolymerization to pentoses, dehydration to furfural, and subsequent hydrogenation–cyclization to yield 2-MTHF. Reaction time was optimized between 10–50 minutes, with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) confirming a maximum yield of 19.47% (951.95 mg/g) at 50 minutes. The yield profile exhibited two distinct maxima, reflecting a balance between efficient conversion and secondary degradation reactions. Compared to conventional noble-metal-based hydrogenation processes, this method eliminates the need for high-pressure hydrogen and costly catalysts, thereby lowering energy intensity and production costs. The approach valorizes an underutilized agricultural residue, reduces environmental impact, and aligns with green chemistry principles. These findings highlight the potential of Gmelina arborea leaves as a sustainable feedstock for scalable 2-MTHF production, supporting its application as a green solvent, biofuel additive, and versatile platform chemical. Future work will focus on catalyst optimization, kinetic modeling, and techno-economic evaluation to advance industrial applicability.
Mechanistic Insights and Optimization of Phytol Recovery from Acacia Auriculiformis Leaves Using Zinc Chloride Catalysis Ali, Abubakar; Ibrahim, Haruna
Jurnal Internasional Teknik, Teknologi dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Vol 7 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences
Publisher : Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46923/ijets.v7i2.554

Abstract

This study explores a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for phytol production from Acacia auriculiformis leaves, an underutilized lignocellulosic biomass, in response to the growing global demand for renewable bio-based chemicals. The research aims to optimize phytol extraction through zinc chloride–catalyzed thermal hydrolysis under mild reaction conditions while maintaining high selectivity and yield. The method employs ZnCl₂ as a Lewis acid catalyst to facilitate chlorophyll cleavage, with systematic variation of reaction temperature (40–80 °C) and catalyst loading (0.5–1.5% w/w) to determine optimal processing conditions. The highest phytol yield, 646.26 mg/g (13.14%), was obtained at 50 °C with 0.5% ZnCl₂, exceeding yields reported for other plant sources and conventional extraction techniques. Product characterization using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed phytol as the dominant compound, accompanied by minor hydrolysis by-products. Mechanistic analysis revealed that yield variations were influenced by the balance between phytol formation and thermal degradation pathways under different catalytic and temperature conditions. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of A. auriculiformis leaves as a renewable feedstock for phytol production and highlight the effectiveness of ZnCl₂-assisted hydrolysis in supporting circular bio-economy and green chemistry principles. However, further studies are recommended to evaluate process scalability, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts to support industrial-level application.
Co-Authors Ali, Abubakar Ali, Abubakar M. Moroto, Yusuf H. Muazu, Engr Ibrahim