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All Journal International Journal of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences (IJETS) Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry
Ibrahim, Haruna
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Simplified Thermal Catalytic Pathway for 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Non-Food Biomass Ibrahim, Haruna; Ali, Abubakar M.; Moroto, Yusuf H.; Muazu, Engr Ibrahim
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): October
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v2i2.549

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable solvents and bio-based chemicals has heightened interest in renewable alternatives to petroleum-derived compounds. This study demonstrates an efficient and eco-friendly route for producing 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) from Gmelina arborea leaves, a widely available lignocellulosic biomass. Thermal hydrolysis was conducted at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure using barium chloride as a low-cost catalyst. The reaction pathway proceeds through hemicellulose depolymerization to pentoses, dehydration to furfural, and subsequent hydrogenation–cyclization to yield 2-MTHF. Reaction time was optimized between 10–50 minutes, with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) confirming a maximum yield of 19.47% (951.95 mg/g) at 50 minutes. The yield profile exhibited two distinct maxima, reflecting a balance between efficient conversion and secondary degradation reactions. Compared to conventional noble-metal-based hydrogenation processes, this method eliminates the need for high-pressure hydrogen and costly catalysts, thereby lowering energy intensity and production costs. The approach valorizes an underutilized agricultural residue, reduces environmental impact, and aligns with green chemistry principles. These findings highlight the potential of Gmelina arborea leaves as a sustainable feedstock for scalable 2-MTHF production, supporting its application as a green solvent, biofuel additive, and versatile platform chemical. Future work will focus on catalyst optimization, kinetic modeling, and techno-economic evaluation to advance industrial applicability.
Mechanistic Insights and Optimization of Phytol Recovery from Acacia Auriculiformis Leaves Using Zinc Chloride Catalysis Ali, Abubakar; Ibrahim, Haruna
Jurnal Internasional Teknik, Teknologi dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Vol 7 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences
Publisher : Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46923/ijets.v7i2.554

Abstract

This study explores a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for phytol production from Acacia auriculiformis leaves, an underutilized lignocellulosic biomass, in response to the growing global demand for renewable bio-based chemicals. The research aims to optimize phytol extraction through zinc chloride–catalyzed thermal hydrolysis under mild reaction conditions while maintaining high selectivity and yield. The method employs ZnCl₂ as a Lewis acid catalyst to facilitate chlorophyll cleavage, with systematic variation of reaction temperature (40–80 °C) and catalyst loading (0.5–1.5% w/w) to determine optimal processing conditions. The highest phytol yield, 646.26 mg/g (13.14%), was obtained at 50 °C with 0.5% ZnCl₂, exceeding yields reported for other plant sources and conventional extraction techniques. Product characterization using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed phytol as the dominant compound, accompanied by minor hydrolysis by-products. Mechanistic analysis revealed that yield variations were influenced by the balance between phytol formation and thermal degradation pathways under different catalytic and temperature conditions. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of A. auriculiformis leaves as a renewable feedstock for phytol production and highlight the effectiveness of ZnCl₂-assisted hydrolysis in supporting circular bio-economy and green chemistry principles. However, further studies are recommended to evaluate process scalability, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts to support industrial-level application.
Catalytic Enhancement of Gmelinol Yield from Gmelina arborea Leaves: Process Optimization and Reproducibility Ibrahim, Haruna; Ali , Abubakar M.; Jibrin, Mohammed Danjuma
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Available online
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v3i1.651

Abstract

Gmelinol, a bioactive lignan derived from Gmelina arborea, exhibits significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Despite its pharmacological potential, existing extraction methods are largely qualitative, poorly reproducible, and lack quantitative yield metrics. This study addresses these gaps by developing a reproducible and statistically validated catalytic process for gmelinol production from Gmelina arborea leaves using barium chloride-catalyzed thermal hydrolysis. The effects of reaction time (10-50 min) on gmelinol yield were systematically investigated at 80 °C. Optimal conditions were identified at 40 min, yielding 17.90% (437.12 mg/g) of gmelinol with excellent reproducibility (coefficient of variation = 3.95%). Statistical analyses, including paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA, confirmed that reaction time significantly influenced yield (p<0.001), while Tukey HSD post-hoc tests validated 40 min as the optimal duration. Prolonged reaction times led to yield reduction, indicative of product degradation. This work provides the first quantitative, mass-based yield benchmark for gmelinol extraction, establishing a reliable and scalable catalytic route that enhances both efficiency and reproducibility. The findings support the sustainable valorization of G. arborea leaf biomass for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
Renewable Pathways to O-Decyl Hydroxylamine: Mild Thermal Hydrolysis of Gmelina arborea Leaves Using Barium Chloride Ibrahim, Haruna; Ali, Abubakar M.; Jibrin, Mohammed Danlami
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Available online
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v3i1.657

Abstract

O-Decyl hydroxylamine is a high-value nitrogen-functionalized intermediate with wide industrial relevance in fine chemicals, antioxidants, surfactants, and advanced material formulations. However, its conventional synthesis relies predominantly on petrochemical feedstocks, halogenated reagents, and multistep processes that raise concerns regarding sustainability, energy intensity, and environmental impact. In this study, a mild and sustainable barium chloride (BaCl2)-catalyzed thermal hydrolytic process is developed for the direct production of O-decyl hydroxylamine from Gmelina arborea leaf biomass, an abundant and underutilized lignocellulosic resource. The reaction was conducted in aqueous medium at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 60-90 °C and catalyst loadings of 0.5-1.0 wt%. Product formation was confirmed by GC-MS following derivatization, while process performance was evaluated through yield determination, reproducibility assessment, and rigorous statistical analysis. The results reveal a strong temperature-catalyst interaction governing product yield. Maximum yield (106.5 mg g⁻¹) with excellent reproducibility (CV < 5%) was achieved at 90 °C using 0.5 wt% BaCl2, whereas higher temperatures favoured lower catalyst loading. Two-sample t-tests, Welch’s t-test, and Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis confirmed that temperature exerts a more dominant influence than catalyst loading, with statistically significant differences observed under specific operating conditions (p < 0.05). The developed process operates under low-severity conditions, avoids hazardous reagents, and demonstrates high precision and robustness. Overall, this work establishes a statistically validated and energy-efficient pathway for producing O-decyl hydroxylamine directly from biomass, advancing sustainable chemical manufacturing and supporting the development of renewable, bio-based fine chemicals in alignment with SDGs 9 and 12.
Co-Authors Ali , Abubakar M. Ali, Abubakar Ali, Abubakar M. Jibrin, Mohammed Danjuma Jibrin, Mohammed Danlami Moroto, Yusuf H. Muazu, Engr Ibrahim