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All Journal Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International
Lawan, Muhammad Zannah
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Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Mechanical Engineering Social Sciences

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Effect of pH on Microbial Growth and Performance of Paint Produced Using Gum Arabic as a Binder Mshelia, Yusuf Madu; Lawan, Muhammad Zannah; Lawan, Daggash Muhammad; Sulum, Al-amin Modu
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7210

Abstract

This study investigates the use of gum Arabic as a natural binder in emulsion paint, with particular focus on the influence of pH levels on its physical properties and microbial resistance. Paint formulations were adjusted to pH values ranging from 7.11 to 11.16. Results showed that increasing pH reduced paint density and viscosity, while drying time, scrub resistance, and coverage remained largely unaffected. Microbiological analysis revealed significant bacterial growth, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus species at pH 7.11, whereas no microbial activity was observed at higher pH levels, indicating that pH regulation plays a critical role in minimizing microbial contamination. These findings highlight gum Arabic’s potential as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic binders in paint production. However, the study also emphasizes the importance of incorporating complementary preservation strategies, as long-term microbial resistance under varying environmental conditions may require the addition of natural or synthetic preservatives or synergistic use of other natural compounds. Overall, gum Arabic offers promise for greener industrial applications when coupled with optimized pH control and preservation measures.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Parameters of Coffee Senna Seed (Senna occidentalis) Using Degradation Data from Roasting Lawan, Muhammad Zannah; Muhammad, Idris Misau; Ahmed, Isah Saeed; Olu, Olubajo Olumide; Yusuf, Abdulkarim Abdulwadud; Maryam, Ibrahim
Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International Vol 2 No 2 (2025): Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mjaei.v2i2.6277

Abstract

Coffee Senna Seeds (CSS) have demonstrated potential as medicinal substitutes, warranting further investigation into their thermal stability for industrial applications. This study aims to establish the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters governing the thermal degradation of bioactive compounds in CSS across a temperature range of 100°C to 200°C and exposure durations of 5 to 30 minutes. Phytochemicals including cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and glycosides were analyzed to determine degradation profiles. FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analyses confirmed the decomposition of anti-nutritional components such as anthraquinones, while beneficial compounds like phenols, flavonoids, and saponins remained largely intact. Kinetic modeling indicated that the degradation followed a volume contraction mechanism, with high R² values (0.9804–0.9915) validating model fit. The low reaction order (0.28–0.397) suggests a diffusion-controlled process, while varying conversion factors (α) reflected complex internal thermal dynamics within the seed matrix. Thermodynamic evaluation revealed the degradation process to be endothermic and non-spontaneous, with enthalpy (ΔH) values decreasing from 1585.90 to 754.50 kJ/mol and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) increasing from 102.92 to 130.18 kJ/mol as temperature rose. Negative entropy (ΔS) values, approximately −271.5 kJ/K, suggest a more ordered transition state, likely due to structural reorganization during roasting. Activation energy estimates ranged from 1589 to 758 kJ/mol, showing a decreasing trend with temperature, indicative of improved reaction feasibility at higher thermal inputs. These findings enhance understanding of CSS thermal behavior, supporting its detoxification and safer utilization in industrial processing.
Co-Authors Ahmed, Isah Saeed Lawan, Daggash Muhammad Maryam, Ibrahim Mshelia, Yusuf Madu Muhammad, Idris Misau Olu, Olubajo Olumide Sulum, Al-amin Modu Yusuf, Abdulkarim Abdulwadud