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All Journal International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science
MNISI, Pearl Thobeka
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Social Sciences

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Repatriation of the Brain Drain to Brain Gain Dichotomy from Urban Areas to Rural Areas: Decentralizing Development SELELO, Mohale Ernest; MOKOELE, Ngoako Johannes; MNISI, Pearl Thobeka
International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 6 (2023): International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science (Nov
Publisher : PT Keberlanjutan Strategis Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38142/ijesss.v4i6.739

Abstract

The development stagnation or lack thereof of rural areas in South Africa is fast becoming unprecedented because of the loss of much human capital to urban areas. Therefore, the paper aims to conceptualize and analyze the implications of the brain drain in rural areas. The central argument of this paper is that the unprecedented relocation of youthful and educated human capital from rural to urban areas perpetuates underdevelopment in these areas. This shift of skilled and educated population can be noted as brain drain and with the antagonist arguing that it is brain gain in urban areas. Consequently, rural areas experienced depopulation, which did not spark interest in investment toward development. In that, the proliferation of underdevelopment facets in rural areas can be attributed to the loss of losing human capital from people with skills, knowledge, expertise, abilities, and capabilities migrating from rural to urban areas. Therefore, most rural areas need more capacitated people to enhance their socioeconomic conditions. This conceptual paper adopts a literature-based methodology to assess and critique the repatriation of the brain drain from urban areas to rural areas and decentralize development to benefit people in rural areas. It finds that rural areas still need to be developed due to brain drain (loss of human capital) and rural-urban migration. It recommends that people with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience return to the communities to decentralize and reindustrialize rural areas for better living standards.
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods Diversification: Insights and Policy Implications for Rural Communities in South Africa MNISI, Pearl Thobeka
International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 6 (2023): International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science (Nov
Publisher : PT Keberlanjutan Strategis Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38142/ijesss.v4i6.763

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the effects of biodiversity conservation on sustainable livelihood diversification of rural communities in South Africa. Global evidence demonstrated a nuanced connection between biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihood diversification. Biodiversity conservation is flourishing, and its industry has grown to a point where it accounts for a big part of South Africa's Gross Domestic Product. However, it remains a concern that the poverty levels in rural communities continue to rise, and there is no improvement brought by biodiversity conservation towards sustainable livelihood diversification. This is a theoretical paper that adopted the qualitative research method. The data for the paper was compiled through a desktop study wherein newspapers, scholarly journal articles, and government documents related to the effects of biodiversity conservation on sustainable livelihood diversification of rural communities in South Africa. Therefore, Document analysis was appropriate and selected to analyze the data. The paper found that balancing biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihood diversification remains challenging in South Africa. This makes it difficult for rural communities to have sustainable livelihood diversification. This paper concludes that biodiversity conservation needs to do more justice to ensuring sustainable livelihood diversification for rural communities in the country. Therefore, it recommends the government delegate candidates or departments to continuously monitor and ensure that nature reserves practicing biodiversity conservation give back to nearby rural communities. Biodiversity conservation policies and legislations in line with the development of rural communities should be reviewed, adjusted, and ensured that they have operated accordingly.
Co-Authors Mokoele, Ngoako Johannes Selelo, Mohale Ernest