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All Journal Journal of Tropical Plant Protection Journal of Applied Veterinary Science and Technology
Sultan, Hafiz Muhammad
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Veterinary

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The Synergistic Effect of Different Antibiotics Against Mastitis Associated Escherichia coli in Pakistan Iqbal, Muhammad Kaleem; Sultan, Hafiz Muhammad; Bashir, Bakhtawar; Aslam, Rizwan; Ali, Sultan; Niazi, Adnan Khan
Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/javest.V6.I2.2025.148-157

Abstract

Background: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, non–spore forming bacterium that acts as a pathogen in both humans and animals. It plays a major role in mastitis, one of the most challenging and economically important diseases affecting dairy animals worldwide. Purpose: This study aimed to isolate multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli from milk samples collected from dairy farms and to evaluate the synergistic effects of different antibiotic combinations against these isolates. Method: Escherichia coli was isolated using MacConkey agar and identified through biochemical testing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method to identify MDR isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined via the broth microdilution method. To assess potential synergism, fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices were calculated, and 252 antibiotic combinations were tested. Results: Most E. coli isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics, except meropenem and vancomycin. Among all tested combinations, 22 pairs such as meropenem–amoxicillin, meropenem–enrofloxacin, amoxicillin–colistin, enrofloxacin–colistin, ceftriaxone–colistin, ceftriaxone–oxytetracycline, and others exhibited synergistic effects. Several additional combinations showed additive effects, suggesting potential utility in combating multidrug resistance in E. coli associated with mastitis. Conclusion: The FIC analysis revealed that combinations of meropenem with amoxicillin (Mer+Amox), meropenem with enrofloxacin (Mer+Enro), and colistin with amoxicillin (Col+Amox) demonstrated the strongest synergistic activity. These results indicate that specific antibiotic combinations could provide promising therapeutic strategies against MDR E. coli infections in mastitis cases.
Comparative Analysis of Mycoviral Curing Techniques for Evaluating Fungal Host Fitness Sultan, Hafiz Muhammad; Ali, Taimoor; Zubair, Muhammad; Ashraf, Aneela; Sultan, Mohsin
Journal of Tropical Plant Protection Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : University of Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtpp.2026.007.2.6

Abstract

The viruses that infect fungi are called mycoviruses, and they were initially discovered in mushrooms. The prevalence of new mycoviruses has increased due to breakthroughs in sequencing methods. As a result, publicly accessible genomic sources provide access to several mycoviral transcripts. Genomic information alone is insufficient for comprehending the impacts of mycoviruses on their host fungus. Mycovirus can have a variety of phenotypic impacts on its host. For biological characterization, there is a need to determine the nature of the mycovirus, which may be hypovirulent, hypervirulent, or cryptic. Mycoviruses best characteristics are biological control of fungi and therapeutic potential. Currently, there is no standard method used against the mycoviral infection. Given the importance of mycoviral curing, we may prepare the isogenic lines. Single-spore isolation generally yields high success rates and is recommended as a first-choice approach for most fungal; system for the preparation of isogenic lines. In order to obtain reliable results, the study of mycovirology should also employ modern bioinformatics techniques to anticipate virus-specific antiviral properties.
Co-Authors Ali, Sultan Ali, Taimoor Ashraf, Aneela Aslam, Rizwan Bashir, Bakhtawar Iqbal, Muhammad Kaleem Muhammad Zubair Niazi, Adnan Khan Sultan, Mohsin