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All Journal Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology (JMGCB)
Al-Waeli, Jaafar Hamid Jaafar
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Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing

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GENETIC MUTATIONS IN INFLUENZA VIRUS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS Obeed, Ameer Najy; Aziz, Zainab Nadhum; Al-Waeli, Jaafar Hamid Jaafar
Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
Publisher : PT. Antis International Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61796/jmgcb.v3i1.1589

Abstract

Objective: This study synthesizes recent evidence (2020–2025) to evaluate key influenza virus mutations associated with resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir) and cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors (baloxavir), and to assess their implications for antiviral efficacy. Method: A structured literature analysis was conducted by integrating global surveillance reports and peer-reviewed studies, summarizing mutation frequencies and resistance patterns, supported by descriptive statistical tabulation and simulated trend visualization. Results: The findings indicate that canonical neuraminidase resistance mutations such as H275Y, R292K, and N295S remain rare, generally occurring at <1% prevalence across most surveillance datasets, although localized increases in PA-I38 substitutions associated with reduced baloxavir susceptibility have emerged in specific regions. The theoretical impact assessment suggests that resistance-linked mutations primarily reduce clinical effectiveness in post-treatment isolates and in severe or immunocompromised cases. Novelty: This work provides an updated synthesis of post-pandemic influenza antiviral resistance trends and highlights the growing relevance of PA-I38 variants, underscoring the need for continuous genomic surveillance and the development of next-generation antiviral strategies that target highly conserved viral functions.
Co-Authors Aziz, Zainab Nadhum Obeed, Ameer Najy