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CHOLINE CHLORIDE BASED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECTROSCOPIC INSIGHTS Indah Puspita Sari; Annisaa Siti Zulaicha; Sinta Bella Triyanti
Analit : Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Vol. 9, No. 02 October (2024) Analit : Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
Publisher : Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/analit.v9i02.200

Abstract

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Choline Chloride-based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) using Citric Acid (ChCl+CA) and Malic Acid (ChCl+MA) as hydrogen bond donors. The DES were prepared at various molar ratios, and their physicochemical properties, including viscosity, density, pH, water content, and molecular interactions, were comprehensively analyzed. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed key shifts in the functional groups, indicating strong hydrogen bonding between the DES components. While ChCl+CA and ChCl+MA successfully formed stable eutectic solvents at a 1:1 molar ratio, synthesis with higher molar ratios (1:2 and 1:3) and ChCl+Ethylene Glycol (ChCl+EG) were unsuccessful, highlighting the importance of component compatibility and molar ratios. The density and viscosity measurements showed the potential applicability of these DES in extraction processes. This research contributes to the development of DES as green solvents, with future applications in pigment extraction for cosmetic purposes.   Keywords: Deep Eutectic Solvents, Choline Chloride, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Pigment Extraction, Cosmetic Applications
Eyebrow Cream Preparation Formulation Based on Activated Carbon from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Shells Annisaa Siti Zulaicha; Deviana Safitri; Iwan Syahjoko Saputra; Wahyu Solafide Sipahutar; Yunita Fahni
ALKIMIA Vol 10 No 1 (2026): ALKIMIA
Publisher : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI RADEN FATAH PALEMBANG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19109/7p42db04

Abstract

This study aims to utilize palm kernel shell waste as a source of activated carbon for the formulation of safe and sustainable eyebrow cream. Activated carbon was obtained through pyrolysis and physical activation at 800°C, then characterized using proximate analysis, SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR to determine its structure, composition, and purity. The characterization results showed that the activated carbon had 100% carbon purity, a porous amorphous structure, and a predominance of C=C groups, indicating a non-polar surface with high adsorptive potential. The activated carbon was then formulated into four variations of eyebrow cream using the hot emulsification method and evaluated through organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and smudge resistance tests. All formulas showed physical stability for four weeks, a semi-solid texture, homogeneity without granules, and increased color with increasing activated carbon concentration. The pH value of all formulas was 5, within the safe range for skin. This study shows that palm kernel shell activated carbon not only meets the characteristics of stable and safe cosmetic pigments but also provides a natural coloring alternative that supports the concepts of clean beauty, green cosmetics, and the circular economy. Thus, palm kernel shell waste activated carbon has great potential to be developed as an active ingredient in decorative cosmetics, particularly natural-based eyebrow creams.