<![CDATA[Crop diseases pose a significant threat to global food security, causing substantial yield losses estimated at 10-40% annually. Traditional methods of disease identification, reliant on visual inspection by farmers or experts, are often subjective, time-consuming, and limited by the availability of specialists. This study proposes an ensemble learning framework for robust image-based crop disease detection, specifically designed to address the challenges of heterogeneous, non-Independent and Identically Distributed (non-IID) agricultural datasets in decentralized environments. Utilizing the Plant Village dataset, we implement a stacking ensemble model integrating diverse Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) such as VGG (Visual Geometry Group), ResNet, and Inception as base learners, with a meta-learner to optimize prediction fusion. The system employs comprehensive data preprocessing, including resizing, normalization, noise removal, segmentation, and augmentation, to enhance robustness against real-world variability. Transfer learning with ResNet50 was adopted as a baseline model. The baseline ResNet50 achieved 59% test accuracy across seven grape and potato disease classes. The ensemble model improved performance, attaining 63% accuracy with average precision, recall, and F1-scores of 56%, 52%, and 52% respectively. Class imbalance remained a limiting factor for certain categories. The ensemble learning approach outperformed individual models, demonstrating improved generalization across diverse datasets. Although computational demands and imbalance challenges persist, the system provides a promising AI-driven pipeline for accurate crop disease diagnosis, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.]]>
