Zahwa Maulidina Afwija
Universitas Brawijaya

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PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA ATAS KERUGIAN KONSUMEN SEBAGAI BENTUK PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DALAM TRANSAKSI CROSS BORDER E- COMMERCE Zahwa Maulidina Afwija
Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Sarjana Ilmu Hukum, Juni 2021
Publisher : Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum

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Abstract

Zahwa Maulidina Afwija, Yuliati, Ranitya Ganindha Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijayae-mail: zahwamaulidina@gmail.com ABSTRAK Pada skripsi ini, penulis mengangkat permasalahan pada transaksi e-commerce yang dilakukan oleh para pihak yang berada pada yurisdiksi hukum negara berbeda, sementara dalam terms and condition pada saat kesepakatan secara online dibentuk tidak secara tegas dan jelas menunjuk atau memuat klausul choice of law, maka menjadi persoalan hukum negara atau hakim manakah yang berwenang mengadili, jika dikemudian hari terjadi sengketa. Hal tersebut menimbulkan kekaburan hukum karena tidak adanya perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam penyelesaian sengketa transaksi elektronik lintas batas negara melalui e-commerce. Dari hasil penelitian dengan metode di atas, penulis memperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan yang ada bahwa hubungan pelaku usaha dengan konsumen dalam transaksi cross border e-commerce, merupakan hubungan kontraktual yang mendapatkan perlindungan hukum sama sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (PP PMSE). Namun dalam praktiknya peraturan tersebut tidak terimplikasikan dengan baik sebab masih terdapat klausula baku pada perjanjian antara pelaku usaha dan konsumen dalam transaksi cross border e-commerce dengan dalih menggunakan yuridiksi luar negeri. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan perbandingan dengan Inggris ditemukan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa e-commerce di Inggris diarahkan untuk menggunakan platform yang disediakan oleh European Commission melalui The European Online Dispute Resolution (EODR). Sedangkan di Indonesia, lembaga yang menangani cross border e-commerce ialah BPSK (Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen) dan BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia). Sejatinya Indonesia telah melegitimasi ODR namun belum bisa dijalankan dengan maksimal mengingat belum adanya acuan yang jelas terkait prosedur dan tata cara pelaksanaan ODR termasuk kesiapan pengaturan perangkat software untuk mengelola sengketa secara online dimana aspek teknologi memiliki peranan penting dalam keberhasilan pelaksanaan ODR. Kata Kunci: Penyelesaian sengketa, kerugian konsumen, perlindungan konsumen,cross border e-commerce ABSTRACTThis research observes an issue concerning e-commerce transactions involving parties of different jurisdictions, while the terms and condition of the contract made online were not clearly set forth with clauses discussing the choice of law. This issue is concerning which court is authorised to handle the case following the disputes arising. The problem seems to have left the vagueness of norm due to the absence of the legal protection for consumers over dispute settlement in cross-border e-commerce. The research has found out that the connection between consumers in this cross- border e-commerce is contractual, which is subject to legal protection as intended in Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Electronic Commerce (PP PMSE). However, this regulation is not well implemented due to issues over the agreement between businesses and consumers in cross border e-commerce regarding overseas jurisdiction. In England, the use of platform provided by European commission through The European Online Dispute Resolution (EODR) is compulsory. In comparison, Consumer Dispute Resolution Body (BPSK) and Indonesian National Arbitration Center (BANI) are responsible for the cross border e-commerce dispute settlement. Indonesia, principally, has legitimated the ODR but it is not optimally implemented since there is no clear reference regarding the procedure of the exercise of the ODR, including the management of the software utilized to manage disputes online, recalling that technology plays its important role in the success of the exercise of ODR. Keywords: dispute resolution, consumer’s loss, consumer protection, cross border e- commerce
Online Dispute Resolution Scheme over Consumer’s Loss as Consumer Protection in Cross-Border E-Commerce Transaction Afwija, Zahwa Maulidina
POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): JULY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/polri.v4i3.1906

Abstract

Consumers are facing greater risk of loss in cross-border e-commerce due to lack of thorough goods inspection, uncertainties in jurisdiction, and high costs of legal actions. However, current methods for resolving disputes are not effectively handling these issues. This research explores the urgency of implementing Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) to protect consumers in cross-border e-commerce transactions, focusing on Indonesia and the United Kingdom. As cross-border digital trade increases, consumers are increasingly vulnerable to losses due to limited inspection of goods, jurisdictional uncertainties, and the high cost of traditional litigation. Employing a normative legal research method with a comparative and conceptual approach, this study examines the regulatory framework governing e-commerce and dispute resolution in both jurisdictions. The findings reveal that although Indonesia’s legal system acknowledges alternative dispute resolution through instruments such as UUPK, UU ITE, and PP PMSE, it lacks detailed procedural regulations for effective ODR implementation. In contrast, the United Kingdom has established a comprehensive ODR system regulated by EU Regulations and Directives, offering structured online platforms for dispute resolution. The comparative analysis underscores the need for Indonesia to develop a specific legal framework for ODR that integrates substantive procedures, technological infrastructure, and institutional capacity. This would enable efficient, cost-effective, and accessible legal remedies for consumers engaging in cross-border e-commerce. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on consumer protection reform and recommends regulatory harmonization to ensure legal certainty, transparency, and justice in digital trade environments.
STRENGTHENING ACCOUNTABILITY IN INDONESIAN NOTARIAL PRACTICE: THE LEGAL GAP ON LIABILITY FOR BACKDATED DEEDS Afwija, Zahwa Maulidina; Oktafia, Yeni; Ghofar, Abdul
Indonesia Private Law Review Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/iplr.v6i1.4459

Abstract

The issuance of backdated deeds raises serious legal concerns as it can misrepresent facts and violate procedural requirements under Indonesian notarial law. Although a notarial deed’s formal validity relies on its authenticity, backdating undermines this integrity and may result in significant legal consequences. Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Notary Profession (UUJN) and its amendments do not explicitly regulate notary liability toward third parties who suffer losses, creating a normative gap and weakening legal protection. This study examines the legal implications of backdated deeds and the scope of notary liability using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual analyses, focusing on the interrelation of administrative, civil, and criminal responsibilities. Findings indicate that a notary may face administrative sanctions under Articles 12 and 65A UUJN, civil liability under Articles 1243 and 1365 KUHPerdata, and criminal sanctions under Articles 263 and 264 KUHAP. These results underscore the need for regulatory reform to ensure accountability and strengthen legal certainty, and the study recommends enhancing notarial prudence and ethical compliance, reinforcing supervisory oversight, and revising notarial law to provide explicit sanctions and protection for parties harmed by backdated deeds.
URGENSI PEMISAHAN HARTA PRIBADI DENGAN JABATAN NOTARIS DALAM HAL KEPAILITAN NOTARIS Afwija, Zahwa Maulidina; Oktafia, Yeni
Repertorium: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Kenotariatan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): Repertorium: November 2025
Publisher : Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28946/rpt.v14i2.5037

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai adanya disharmonisasi terkait kepailitan notaris dan dampaknya terhadap jabatan Notaris berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris dan Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan. Permasalahan mendasar muncul ketika status kepailitan pribadi notaris secara otomatis mengakibatkan pemberhentian tidak hormat dari jabatannya, tanpa mempertimbangkan pemisahan antara kapasitas pribadi sebagai subjek hukum dengan fungsi publiknya sebagai pejabat umum. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keterkaitan subjek hukum pailit dengan profesi notaris serta mengidentifikasi urgensi pemisahan harta pribadi dengan jabatan notaris. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan hukum, mengkaji doktrin-doktrin hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya disharmoni normatif antara UU Kepailitan yang tidak mengatur konsekuensi terhadap jabatan publik dengan UUJN yang memberlakukan sanksi administratif berdasarkan status hukum privat. Sistem pemberhentian otomatis ini tidak sejalan dengan praktik terbaik di negara-negara seperti Belanda dan Jerman yang menerapkan mekanisme pengawasan khusus dan pemisahan dana secara tegas. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya reformasi regulasi melalui penerapan sistem pemisahan harta yang komprehensif, kategorisasi berdasarkan penyebab kepailitan, dan alternatif pemberhentian sementara dengan kemungkinan rehabilitasi untuk menciptakan keseimbangan antara perlindungan kepentingan publik dengan hak konstitusional notaris.