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E. Jasjfi
Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology "LEMIGAS"
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ZEOLIT CRACKING CATALYST A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi; Evita H. Legowo
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 26 No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.26.1.993

Abstract

Nowadays, refiners are facing a continuing need to add bottom processing by catalytic process (catalytic cracking and hydro cracking processes) capacity a result of gradually deteriorating crude oil quality and flat-to-declining for residualfuel oil.
PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.2.1026

Abstract

Worldwide crude supply is experiencing a mod- est trend towards heavier and high sulfur content. The Middle East, being traditionally the world's ma- jor oil exporting region, will continue to be the princi- pal supplier of lower quality crude's in the future", For the period 1992-2005, the average annual demand growth rate for light products ( gasoline, kero- sene, diesel oil) is higher than for residual fuel oil21, These data clearly show that the need will continue for converting additional bottom fraction into light products, by both thermal or catalytic conversions. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendement of 1990 in the USA has forced American refineries to install new facilities to comply with stricter speci- fications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil such as Asia-Pacific, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and European Commission (EC) [3.4. 5). Various terms in the models address qualities and the gasoline blended such as benzene, total aromatics and olefin contents, RVP, the T90 of distillation range, sulphur content, and oxygenates content. Comparison of fue l specifications between ASEAN countries and reformulated fuels and typi- cal compositions of gasoline and gas oil components for production of commercial unleaded gasoline is included in this report.
DRIVEABILITY INDEX OF COMMERCIAL GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1031

Abstract

Motor gasoline is essentialy a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilling between about 40°C and 225°C and consisting of compounds generaly in the range C5 to C12. Small amounts of additives are also used to exchange various aspects of the performance of the fuel. Gasoline produced from different refin[1]eries can vary widely in compositions, even at the same octane level.The primary requirement of a gasoline is that should burn smoothly without exploding, under the conditions existing in the combustion chamber of the spark-ignition, so that themaximum amount of useful energy is liberated[1].The volatility of a gasoline has a vital influence on the both performance of a car emission. It affects the way car starts, the time it takes to warm up, the exten to which ice will form in the carburator, causing stalling and other problems; it influences vapour lock in the fuel system and indirectly it determines overall fuel economy. Volatility is a measure of the ability of a fuel to pass from the liquid to the vapour state under varying conditions.In cold weather, cars can take a very significant time to warm-up i.e., be capable of smooth, non-hesitating accelerations without the use of the choke. The fuel parameter that is found to have the grestest influence on warm-up is the mid-boiling range volatility as characterized by for example; the 50 per cent distillation temperature. Even after the car has warmed up, fuel volatility can still have an influence on acceleration time. Low volatility fuels obviously give leaner mixture and as mixtures leaner, acceleration performance can fall off quite rapidly.The fraction of the fuel that influences acceleration behaviour to the greatest extent is in the mid and to a lesser extent the higher boiling range. Thus, the 50% distillation temperature, sometimes together with the 90% distillation, must be controlled to ensure optimum acceleration behaviour. The factors which influence vapour lock is the volatility characteristics of the fuel. The degree to which a fuel is liable to give vapour lock depends mainly on its front end volatility. A number of different front-end volatility parameters have been used to define the vapour locking tendency of a fuel, such as RVP, percentage evaporated at 70°C, the 10 and 15% slope of the distillation curve, the vapour/liquid ratio at a given temperature and pressure. These distillation characteristics affect the following performance characteristics: starting, vapour lock and driveability.ASTM D4814-98a the standard specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel has included Driveability Index as an item of performance requirement of the fuel. The inclusion of the parameter is to provide control of distillation parameters that influence cold start and warm up driveabilities.
PRODUCTION OF CLEAN DIESEL OILS A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi; Evita H. Legowo
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 2 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.2.1038

Abstract

Cars and fuels have been developed simultaneously and nowadays cars demand a very sophisticated fuel indeed. Environmental restriction and efforts to minimize the pollution problem by exhaust gases are causing de- sign changes in cars that in turn are having some effects on fuel quality. The development of processes for making high cetane number gas oil blending components and the widespread use of additives to enhance fuel properties have all contributed to the highly developed motor fuel used today". Gas oil components produced in the refineries generally consist of predominantly straight-run gas oil (SRGO) obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oils. There are two types of straightrun gas oil ie a sulfur rich (0.9-1.9 wt.%) aromatic source, and a low- sulfur (<0.2 wt.%) paraffinic crude source121, To satisfy the growing demand for diesel fuel, increased use of cracked stocks is anticipated. The primary requirement in diesel oil properties is that it should burn smoothly, without exploding, under the condition existing in the combustion chamber, so that maximum amount of useful energy is liberated. The ignition quality of a diesel oil is measured by its cetane number, which depends on its hydrocarbon composition. Different refineries produce diesel oil of different compositions, depending on the blending components available. Hydrocarbon compositions of the gas oil components show marked variation in their precombustion and ignition characteristics and so differ in their combustion behavior in an engine. Such a selective hydrocracking process has the following reaction: desulfurization, denitrogenation, deoxygenation, saturation and isomerization which could improve the flowing properties of gas oil components: sulfur, nitrogen, polycyclic aromatics and total aromatics, product stability, colour, neutralization number and distillation temperature (T50 and T90). The properties of the straight-run and cracked gas oil components, and improving their quality by a hydrotreating process to meet the clean diesel oil specification and production of gas oil components in Indonesia's refineries are described. A brief deliberation is offered on the impact of the changing diesel oil quality requirement, particularly due to the environmental restriction, on the refinery configuration.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SPENT CATALYST IN RCC/FCC UNITS IN ASEAN REFINERIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 3 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.3.1041

Abstract

Catalytic cracking processes convert heavy feed- stock (heavy distillate, residue) into gasoline and light cycle stock for middle distillate components. Due to high impurity of feedstock and limited operating condition of catalyst regeneration, fresh catalyst must be added to replace a portion of spent catalyst continously, to maintain the activity of equilibrium catalyst in the reactor. Spent catalyst must be disposed properly so that it does not cause hazard or environmental concern. A survey was conducted on the management of spent catalyst in RCC/FCC unit in ASEAN refineries as an ASCOPE Technical Committee work programme for 1996. Indonesia was tasked as the Coordinator with the support of Member Countries. The Coordinator for each Member Country is listed in the Table 1. This paper discusses briefly catalytic cracking process, deactivation of cracking catalyst and the management of spent cata- lyst in RCC/FCC units 
ROLE OF CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS FOR GASOLINE PRODUCTION IN ASEAN REFINERIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 3 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.3.1044

Abstract

The crude oils processed in refineries range from sweet crudes, such as Southeast Asian light Crudes, to sour crude, suck as Middle East. Far East, and Persian Gulf. For the period 1992-2005, the average annual demand growth rate for light products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil) is higher than residual fuel oil. These data clearly show that the need will continue for converting additional bottom into light products, by both thermal or catalytic conversions, The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendement of 1990 in the USA has forced American refineries to install new facilities to comply with stricter specifications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil such as Asia-Pacific, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and European Commission (EC), Various terms in the models address qualities of the gasoline blended such as benzene, total aromatics and olefm contents, RVP, the T90 of distillation range, sulphur content, and oxygenates content45, Motor gasoline is essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilling about 40°C and 220°C and consisting of compounds generally in the range C, to C2. Gasoline components can be produced by both the distillation of crude oil and the conversion of the crude oil fraction. Catalytic reforming process using bifunctional catalyst converts low octane number heavy naphthas into reformate with a high octane number. Bi-functional catalyst containing metal site (Pt, Pt/Ge) and acid site (A1,O,CI) are generally used. The balance is most important in a bifunctional reforming catalyst, and in fact it has to be different for different duties"l The end point of the naphtha feedstock is usually limited to about 185°C, partially because of increased coke deposition on the catalyst. The reforming cata- lyst exhibits a sensitivity to the conventional impurities of naphtha feed, such as: water (moisture), organic compounds of chlor, nitrogen and sulphur, and organometallic compounds (lead, copper, iron). Sintering of the metal phase becomes effective only beyond 500°C as measured by lowering of the dispersion of platinum atom condition, at the same time coke formation on the catalyst incrases tool71, The life of the catalyst will depend both on its stability and regenerability, expressed either in months or year, or in tonnage treated for unit weight of catalyst. This paper presents briefly composition of gasoline pool, specification of commercial gasoline in Indonesia as well as ASEAN refmeries, the catalyst improvements, catalyst deactivation and catalyst re- generation of the reforming process.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SPENT CATALYST OF HYDROCONVERSION PROCESSES IN ASEAN REFINERIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 27 No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.27.2.1052

Abstract

Catalytic processing is a keystone of today’s petroleum refining. The catalytic processes applied in the potreleum industry are generally large scale. In today’s operating climate of increased attentiveness toward environmental and safety issues, spent catalyst management options have became an important consideration for refiners. A catalyst deactivation determines how it can be handled after it is discharged from the processing unit. The type of the catalyst and its condition (whether it is considered hazardous) often determines the disposal route selected. Because of the self-heating and leaching problems associated with spent hydrotreating catalyst,it is recommended that refiners ship their spent catalysts to what is called “true recycles”. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), for example, is in the process of reevaluating the designation of spent hydroprocessing catalyst as an hazardous waste. Out of 3,837 MBPSD total crude oil currently processed in ASEAN (Brunai Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippenes, Singapore, Thailand, not including Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar) arround 61 percent volume is passed through catalytic processes (included hydroconversion processes 58 vol.%) to produce various fuel components such as gasoline and diesel oil. These hydroconversion processes use about 3,279 tons of catalyst with about 28 tons per day of spent catalyst. The present paper discusses briefly a survey on the management of spent catalyst of hydroconverion processes in ASEAN refineries and some aspects of catalyst poisoning of major hydroconversion processes in petroleum refinery. A survey on the management of spent catalyst from hydroconversion processes in ASEAN refineries is described in this paper.
PRODUCTION OF GASOLINE COMPONENTS IN ASEAN REFINERIES AND EFFECTS OF THE STRICTER FUEL QUALITY REQUIREMENT A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi; Evita H. Legowo
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 25 No 3 (2002)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.25.3.1072

Abstract

Intensive implementation of the blue sky program in many countries imposed the use of reformulated gasoline with a very sophisticated specification. Motor gasoline is essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilled between 40 and 220 C, which consist of distillate fraction of crude oils and the conversion products of crude oil fractions. Small amounts of additives are also used to enhance various aspects of the performance of gasoline. In ASEAN refineries, over 740 MBPSD of feed- stock is processed which produce about 512 MBPSD of gasoline components. About 96 percent of the amount is processed in 39 units of the heterogeneous catalytic processes: i.e. cracking. reforming and isomerization, and the other 4 percent in 4 units of homogeneous catalytic processes: L.e. alkylation and polymerization. Volatility, octane number, hydroegtys4 com: position and impurity content are the most determinant criteria of the gasoline. In most spark-ignition internal combustion engines, the fuel is metered in liquid form through the carburettor or fuel injector, and is mixed with air and partially vaporized before entering the cylinders of the engine. Consequently. volatility, is and extremely important characteristic with respect to starting, driveability, vapor lock, dilution of engine oil fuel economy, and carburettor icing. To increase the octane level of gasoline an anti knock agent such as tetraethyl lead (TEL) or tetramethyl lead (TML) can also be used. Pres- sures to reduce atmospheric pollution are tending towards the reduction or elimination of lead from gasoline. Lead itself is known to be a poison and its presence in the exhaust gas is undesirable. Leudacts as a catalyst poison of catalytic converter installed to reduce carbon monaxide and hydrocarbon emission. Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the alternative to replace lead alkyls, and has been used as antiknock. Unleaded gasoline (ULG) has been introduced since 1990 in ASEAN Countries: The actual penetration of ULG utilization in the first half of 1998 are as follows : Brunei Darussalam 48.9 , Indonesia 0.6 %. Malaysia 80 %, Philippines 17.7 %, Singapore 81 %. and Thailand 100%. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 in the USA has forced American refiners to install new facilities to comply with stricter specifications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil. Various terms in the models address quality of the gasoline blended, sulfur content, and total aromatics and olefins contents, RVP, the Tof distillation range, sulfur content, and oxygenated content. Specifications for the reformulated gasoline and the ASEAN commecial gasoline are presented. Driveability index (DI) has been standardized by ASTM D-4814-98a and in the near future this DI could be recommended in the specification for the reformulated gasoline. Reformu- lated gasoline can be blended from the high quality gasoline components. Volatitity (RVP. T T T and driveability index), octane number (RON, MON and octane distribution), and hydrocarbon compositions of the gasoline components, as well as the refinery configuration to improve the quality of the gasoline components, and the compositions of these improved gasoline components of reformulated gasoline production are briefly discussed in this paper.
HYDROCRAKING OF HEAVY DISTILLATE INTO CLEAN DIESEL OIL USING Ni-Mo/Al2O3 CATALYST A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 23 No 1 (2000)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.23.1.1078

Abstract

Diesel oil is high pollution fuel and the quality of this fuel must he improved to obtain clean diesel oil Crude oil production and its quality tend to decrease. Light fuel oil demand rate is higher than that of residual fuel. Diesel oil produced in the refineries generally consists of predominantly straight-run diesel oil: however, compounds such as thermally and catalytically cracked diesel oils are sometimes included. The quality of straight-run diesel oil, such as hydrocarbon types and sulfur content, will in general reflect the nature of crude oil. Cracked stocks either thermal or catalytic cracked diesel oils, contain higher percentage of aromatic, olefin and sulfur contents and these cracked diesel products must be hydrogenated prior to rounting to final products. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 in the U.S.A has forced American refineries to install new facilities to comply with stricter specifications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil. Hydrocracking processes are a combination of desulfurization and conversion developed primary to process feeds having a high content of unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefin and polycyclic aromatics) and non-hydrocarbon compounds (sulfur and nitrogen compounds) with a bifunctional catalyst. A variety of bifunctional catalysts and processing designs may be used commercially depending on the feedstock used and desired products. Influence of both feedstock compositions (paraffinic and non-paraffinic vacuum distillate, and wax) and the acidity of bifunctional catalysts on the performance of hydrocracked diesel oil products are discussed briefly in this paper. Low yield or selectivity of diesel oil products by high catalyst acidity, it is suggested that the higher secondary splitting has taken place in converting cracked products into large amounts of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons such as gasoline and LPG. High diesel index product of the paraffinic feedstock due to the high paraffin content of the produced diesel oil.
OIL AND GREASE DETERMINATION IN PETROLEUM OPERATION WASTE WATER R. Desrina; E. Jasjfi; M. Mulyono
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 23 No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.23.2.1083

Abstract

A regulation concerning waste water quality for oil and gas activities in Indonesia has recently been issued in the State Minister for Environment Decree No. 42/MENLH/10/1996. Waste water quality for oil and gas activities is classified in this decree according to the type of activities, namely exploration and production activities, refineries, and petroleum product storage and distribution activities. Maximum permissible concentration of oil and grease in waste water varies depending on the activities and mode of discharges. The oil and grease concentration in operation waste water that ranges from 20 ppm for the refineries to 75 ppm for off shore production have led to the variation in determination methodologies. Survey on oil and grease determination methods in Indonesia indicated that determination method ranges from gravimetric method that is unsuitable for light fraction to spectrometric method that depends on the oil standard. Moreover variation of solvent will give different result. This paper describes an overview of oil and grease determination conducted by the Indonesian oil and gas companies informing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The possible single method that can be utilized as a standard method as well as approaches in conducting correlation program is proposed.
Co-Authors A.S. Nasution Bustami Mustafa Bustani Mustafa Chairil Anwar E. H. Legowo Edi Janis Evita H. Legowo M. Mulyono M. Rahman M. Udiharto R. Desrina Rasdinal Ibrahim S. Kadarwati