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All Journal Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia
Muhammad Azam
Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq
Religion Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Legal Framework For Crypto Asset Trading As An Effort To Protect Consumers In Indonesia Otih Handayani; Esther Masri; Panti Rahayu; Achmad J. Pamungkas; Muhammad Azam
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 24 No. 2 (2025): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v24i2.7134

Abstract

Cryptocurrency has emerged as a disruptive and revolutionary asset in the global financial landscape, transforming how individuals and organizations conduct financial transactions. In Indonesia, cryptocurrency is prohibited as a means of payment but is permitted as a digital asset (crypto asset) that can be traded. Crypto assets operate through a decentralized system that lies outside the control of the government and centralized authorities. As of October 2024, the number of crypto asset consumers in Indonesia reached 21.27 million, and throughout 2024, it has contributed to the development of the digital financial services sector, with transactions amounting to IDR 650.61 trillion. Volatility, illegal crypto asset traders, hacking, and scamming are among the key issues in crypto asset trading. This research is a doctrinal/normative legal study using a statutory approach. It is based on a literature review and analyzed qualitatively. The findings show that the Ijtima Ulama of the National Fatwa Commission VII in 2021 and OJK Regulation (POJK) No. 27 of 2024 indicate that the government is getting involved in crypto asset trading. However, several weaknesses in the POJK, including the unclear position of individual consumers and the absence of mandatory risk mitigation requirements for traders, may result in the lack of security guarantees for consumer crypto assets.
Contemporary Trade Governance and Cross-Border Data Flows: A Comparative Study of Sharīʿah Principles and International Legal Frameworks Muhammad Azam; Naji Mohammad Alwreikat; Burhan Alsyouf; Abdel Salam Atwa Ali Al Fandi; Rawdah Abdul Karim Mohammad Pharaon
MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): MilRev: Metro Islamic Law Review
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia, UIN Jurai Siwo Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32332/milrev.v5i1.13387

Abstract

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has transformed international commerce, making cross-border data flows a crucial component of global trade governance. The increasing reliance on digital platforms, cloud computing, and data-driven services has generated legal challenges related to data privacy, cybersecurity, digital sovereignty, and regulatory fragmentation across jurisdictions. This study examines how contemporary legal frameworks regulate cross-border data governance and analyzes the tension between trade liberalization and regulatory control in digital trade systems. Using a qualitative doctrinal and comparative legal approach, the research evaluates the frameworks of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU), and major Indo-Pacific digital trade agreements. The analysis applies three criteria—legal enforceability, regulatory flexibility, and data protection intensity—to compare their approaches to digital trade governance and cross-border data flows. The findings reveal significant divergence among these frameworks, driven by differing regulatory philosophies and policy priorities. The WTO primarily emphasizes trade liberalization and non-discrimination, but lacks comprehensive mechanisms for data governance. In contrast, the EU adopts a rights-based model focused on robust data protection and regulatory oversight, while Indo-Pacific agreements favor flexible, market-oriented rules that facilitate data flows with limited restrictions. The study further finds that fragmentation in global digital governance is driven not only by regulatory differences but also by competing views of data as either an economic commodity or a protected legal right. The research concludes that effective global digital trade governance requires a harmonized framework balancing economic openness, data protection, cybersecurity, and national sovereignty. It proposes a principle-based harmonization model grounded in transparency, proportionality, interoperability, and regulatory accountability. Academically, this study contributes by developing a comparative analytical framework and by integrating Sharīʿah-based perspectives on ethical data governance, trust, and accountability into contemporary international debates on digital trade law.
School of D-RAD : An Effort of Deradicalization for Former Terrorism Convict Ali Masyhar; Muhammad Azil Maskur; Eram Tunggul Pawenang; Nadhira Madania Dimarti; Muhammad Azam
Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jphi.v8i2.34458

Abstract

This community service is designed to help “Yayasan Persaudaraan Anak Negeri” (Persadani), a Semarang-based foundation comprised of former terrorism convicts, actively engaged in deradicalization efforts. The main issue that is faced by Yayasan Persadani is that there has not been a systematic program to help them in the deradicalization and social reintegration process. Moreover, the lack of religion-based moderation approaches to support deradicalization caused a challenge in preventing them from returning to the radical networks. Yayasan Persadani also faced the lack of a curriculum that is suitable for the life skills of the members and a continuous psychosocial support. School of D-RAD was offered as a solution to those challenges. The School of D-RAD functions as a training hub for the deradicalization of terrorism ex-convicts, assisting 10 participants in their rehabilitation process. It has 3 main programs which are, Religious Moderation Education, Ideological Rehabilitation, Psychological Support with Social Stigma Reduction, as well as Role-Playing and Anti-Radicalism Educational Games. The output target for this activity are, A publication in accredited national scientific journal; A news report on electronic/mass media; a video report of the activity on youtube; and copyright. The expected outcome of this program includes of the hope that the creation of School of D-RAD will be a place for deradicalization, empowerment, the participant’s increased understanding in the religion moderation values for ex-terrorism convicts.
Co-Authors Abdel Salam Atwa Ali Al Fandi Achmad J. Pamungkas Ali Masyhar Burhan Alsyouf Eram Tunggul Pawenang Esther Masri Muhammad Azil Maskur Nadhira Madania Dimarti Naji Mohammad Alwreikat Otih Handayani Panti Rahayu Rawdah Abdul Karim Mohammad Pharaon