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All Journal CURRENT INTERNAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE SURABAYA JOURNAL
Hapsari, Tita Agrippina Indira
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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The The Etiology, Classification, and Management of Shock: A Review Hapsari, Tita Agrippina Indira; Fetarayani, Deasy
Current Internal Medicine Research and Practice Surabaya Journal Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): CURRENT INTERNAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE SURABAYA JOURNAL (IN PRESS)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

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Abstract

Abstract Shock is a critical condition resulting from circulatory failure, leading to inadequate oxygen delivery and potential organ dysfunction. Shock is classified into four main types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock, each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Early recognition and intervention are crucial to preventing irreversible organ damage and death. The purpose of this literature review was to discuss the etiology, classification, and management of shock based on recent clinical guidelines. Diagnosis requires a thorough history, physical examination, and appropriate investigations to identify the underlying cause. Management focuses on rapid hemodynamic stabilization through fluid resuscitation, vasoactive agents, and targeted therapy. Hypovolemic shock is managed with aggressive fluid replacement, cardiogenic shock requires inotropic support and revascularization, distributive shock necessitates antimicrobial therapy and vasopressors, while obstructive shock demands immediate relief of mechanical obstruction. Advances in goal-directed therapy and precision medicine have improved survival rates; however, challenges remain in optimizing individualized treatment approaches. A multidisciplinary strategy and adherence to updated protocols are essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing shock-related mortality.
Co-Authors Deasy Fetarayani