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All Journal Humanities Horizon Journal Journal Majelis Paspama
Ifiora, Chukwudozie Colman
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Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Mechanical Engineering Social Sciences Other

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Analysis of selected heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr) in surface water and sediments in Okulu River in Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria Ifiora, Chukwudozie Colman; Woke, G. N.; Onwudinjo, Felicity Uju; Ekeke, Chimezie; Iringe-Koko, T. M.; Osaro, Paul Aforji
Humanities Horizon Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : PT. Pena Produktif Kreatif

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63373/3047-8014/49

Abstract

Industrial activities along riverine environments in the Niger Delta have raised serious concerns about heavy metal contamination of surface water and sediments, with potential implications for ecosystem integrity and public health. The Okulu River in Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers State, is increasingly exposed to industrial effluents, making it necessary to assess its environmental quality. The study employed an environmental analytical research design to assess heavy metal concentrations in surface water and sediments of the Okulu River in Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Five sampling points, including four industrially impacted sites and one control, were analyzed. Surface water and sediment samples were collected, digested using mixed acids, and analyzed for Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results were statistically analyzed and compared with World Health Organization standards to evaluate contamination levels and potential environmental and health risks. The results revealed spatial variations in heavy metal concentrations in surface water and sediments of the Okulu River. Iron levels in surface water (1.401–10.46 mg/L) and sediments (1.4565–10.581 mg/L) were below the WHO limit (20 mg/L). Lead concentrations in surface water (0.029–14.91 mg/L) exceeded the WHO limit (0.01 mg/L), indicating contamination, while sediment lead levels (0.0359–36.233 mg/L) remained within the permissible limit (400 mg/L). Copper concentrations in surface water (0.002–3.814 mg/L) and sediments (0.3432–18.754 mg/L) were below WHO limits (35 mg/L). Chromium showed elevated levels in surface water (0.397–24.09 mg/L) and sediments (0.01523–15.1506 mg/L), exceeding WHO limits (0.003 mg/L). The study concludes that while some metals pose minimal risk, elevated lead and chromium levels preasent potential environmental and health concerns, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and effective regulation of industrial discharges into the Okulu River.
Microbiological Contamination and Hydrocarbon Pollution of Surface Water and Sediments in the Okulu River, Rivers State, Nigeria Ifiora, Chukwudozie Colman; G. N. Woke; Felicity Uju Onwudinjo; Chimezie Ekeke; T. M. Iringe-Koko; Paul Aforji Osaro
Journal Majelis Paspama Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Journal Majelis Paspama, 2026, inpres
Publisher : Journal Majelis Paspama

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Abstract

Surface water bodies in industrialized regions are increasingly threatened by microbiological contamination and hydrocarbon pollution, raising serious concerns for environmental sustainability and public health The study employed a field-based analytical design to evaluate microbiological and physicochemical contamination of surface water and sediments in the Okulu River. Five sampling stations were established, comprising four industrially impacted sites and one control site. Surface water and sediment samples were systematically collected, preserved, and analyzed for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons, and potassium using standard laboratory techniques. Results were statistically analyzed and compared with World Health Organization standards to assess contamination levels, spatial variation, and associated environmental and public health risks. Results revealed marked spatial variation and widespread contamination of the Okulu River. Total coliforms in surface water exceeded WHO limits at all stations, peaking at SW4 (712 cfu/100 ml) compared to the control (0.01 cfu/100 ml). Sediments showed even higher coliform loads, with SD4 recording 7,765 cfu/100 ml. E. coli counts followed similar trends in surface water (SW4: 84.2 cfu/100 ml) and sediments (SD4: 903.5 cfu/100 ml), indicating fecal pollution. PAH concentrations were extremely elevated in surface water (SW4: 1,723 ppm) and sediments (SD4: 2,606 ppm), far above WHO limits. Potassium exceeded guidelines in impacted sites for water (up to 17.02 mg/L) and sediments (up to 84.08 mg/L). In conclusion, the Okulu River is severely degraded by combined microbiological and hydrocarbon pollution, posing significant ecological and public health risks and necessitating urgent regulatory enforcement, continuous monitoring, and remediation interventions.
Co-Authors Chimezie Ekeke Ekeke, Chimezie Felicity Uju Onwudinjo G. N. Woke Iringe-Koko, T. M. Onwudinjo, Felicity Uju Osaro, Paul Aforji Paul Aforji Osaro T. M. Iringe-Koko Woke, G. N.